[9] See Temperatures for Frying (page 242).
[10] Recipes for breads made light chiefly by soda and an acid (gingerbread, etc.) and for those made light by the expansion of air and moisture (popovers, etc.) are also included in this chapter.
[11] The amount of soda in these recipes is based upon the use of old-fashioned jug molasses; canned molasses varies greatly in acidity and, especially when freshly opened, requires little or no soda. If canned molasses is used, therefore, baking powder should wholly or partly take the place of soda.
[12] The sirup should be boiled in a small saucepan; otherwise the bulb of the thermometer will not be covered.
[13] For standard recipes for jellies and preserves, see Farmers' Bulletin No. 203.
[14] To test fat without a thermometer, drop a bit of white bread into hot fat; it should brown in
60 seconds for uncooked mixtures (Doughnuts, Fritters, etc.)
40 seconds for cooked mixtures (Croquettes, Fishballs, etc.)
20 seconds for Chops, French Fried Potatoes, etc.
[15] This table is based chiefly on food analyses as determined in Bulletin 28 of the U. S. Experiment Stations (Chemical Composition of American Food Materials); How to Live, by Professor Irving Fisher and Dr. E. L. Fisk; and Feeding the Family, by Professor Mary S. Rose.