[87] See Vol. I, p. 91.
[88] Peter Lombard, the fourth book of whose Sentences treats of the sacraments; see above, p. 188.
[89] See p. 182, note 2.
[90] The scholastics distinguished between the "material" and the "form" of a sacrament. In baptism, the material was the water; the form, the words, "I baptise thee in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost."
[91] Alexander, of Hales, denied the validity of baptism "in the name of Jesus," which Peter Lombard defended. Cf. Realencyklopädie, XIX, 412.
[92] Cf. Weimar Ed., I, 544, and Erlangen Ed., XLIV, 114 ff.
[93] See above, p. 203.
[94] A point at issue between Thomists and Franciscans. The former held that the grace of the sacrament was contained in the sacramental sign and directly imparted through it; thus Aquinas. The Franciscans contended that the sign was merely a symbol, but that God, according to a pactio, or agreement, imparted the grace of the sacrament when the sign was being used; thus Bonaventura, and especially Duns Scotus. See Seeberg, DC, III, 455 ff., and in Realencyklopädie, V, 73.
[95] The conclusion of the investigation begun on p. 226.
[96] See above, p. 204.