Magic Shadows: The Story of the Origin of Motion Pictures

by Martin Quigley

Georges Emile Joseph Demeny. Les Origines du Cinématographe.

Paris, 1909.

CHAPTER XVII

Ramsaye. Lib. cit.

Lucien Bull. La Cinématographie.

Paris, 1928.

---

Index

• A
• Acres, Birt, [152], [154], [176].
• After-images, [18], [45].
• Aguilon, François d’, [46], [47], [109], [166].
• Ailly, Pierre d’, [26].
• Alberti, Leone Battista, [30], [31], [38], [41], [65], [165].
• Albertus Magnus, St., [32], [164].
• Alhambra Theatre, [153].
• Alhazen, [13], [21–23], [26], [31], [161], [164].
• Alkindi, [164].
• Almeida, [172].
• American Mutoscope (& Biograph) Company, [141], [158].
• Amet, Edwin Hill, [176].
• Angiers, [172].
• Animatograph, [153].
• Anorthoscope, [94], [96].
• Anschütz, Ottomar, [126], [134], [139], [143], [146], [147], [154–156], [174], [176].
• Appleton, [176].
• Archer, Frederick Scott, [112], [116].
• Archimedes, [13], [18–22], [39], [63], [77], [103], [161], [163].
• Aristotle, [13], [17], [18], [21], [22], [32], [64], [161], [163].
• Armat, Thomas, [11], [154–160], [176].
• Arzonis, Pierro de, [40].
• Averroës, [164].
• Avias & Hoffman, [176].
• Avicenna, [164].
• B
• Babbage, Charles, [84], [169].
• Bacon, Roger, [23], [24–28], [32–34], [38], [45], [68], [161], [164].
• Banks, Joseph, [84].
• Barbaro, Daniello, [39], [41], [166].
• Barberini, Francesco Cardinal, [10], [51], [57].
• Baron, Auguste, [176].
• Baxter & Wray, [176].
• Bayard, Hippolyte, [170].
• Beale, Lionel Smith, [172], [173].
• Bedts, Rider de, [176].
• Benedetti, Giovanni Battista, [39–41], [166].
• Bets, [176].
• Bial, Albert, [11]. See also [Koster & Bial’s Music Hall].
• Bio-Phantoscope, [141].
• Biograph, [158].
• Bioscope:
• Demeny’s, [145];
• Duboscq’s, [109];
• Foucauld’s, [172];
• Paul’s, [176].
• Bjerknes, [124].
• “Black Art.” See [Necromancy].
• Blair Company, [153].
• Bliss School of Electricity, [154].
• Boethius, [164].
• Bouly, Léon, [150].
• Bourbouze, [121], [172].
• Boyle, Robert, [167].
• Brahe, Tycho, [43].
• Brewster, David, [83], [169], [171].
• Briggs, Caspar W., [112], [114], [173].
• Brown, Arthur, [120].
• Brown, F., [176].
• Brown, O. B., [112], [113], [172].
• Brun, [176].
• Burning Glasses, [19–21], [63], [65], [103], [163].
• C
• Cagliostro, Alessandro conte di, [76].
• Calotype. See [Talbot calotype process].
• Camera: See also [Camera lucida] and [Camera obscura];
• “battery system” (Muybridge-Isaacs), [120], [122], [126], [127], [173];
• motion picture, [116], [117], [125], [126], [129], [133], [136], [141], [150–153], [155], [157], [158], [174], [175], [176];
• portable, [45], [46], [143], [145], [146], [152], [167], [168];
• with microscope, [145];
• with projector, [142], [143].
• Camera lucida, [30], [38], [39], [65], [167], [169]. See also [Camera].
• Camera obscura, [26], [29–31], [33–45], [53], [73], [107], [165], [166], [170]. See also [Camera].
• Carbutt, John, [133], [174].
• Cardano, Girolamo, [20], [34], [35], [165].
• Carpentier, Jules, [150], [176].
• Case, Theodore, [160].
• Casler, Herman, [157].
• Cave of Font-de-Faune. See [Font-de-Faune, Cave of].
• Cercle de Gymnastique Rationnelle, [125].
• Cesariano, Cesare, [32–34], [165].
• Chales, Claude François Milliet de, [58], [62], [64–66], [68], [69], [167].
• Charles, Jacques Alexandre César, [168].
• Cheri-Rousseau, [176].
• Chevalier, Albert, [159].
• Chicago World’s Fair. See [Expositions].
• Chinese Shadow Plays. See [Shadow Plays].
• Choreutoscope, [173].
• Choreutoscope Tournant, [172].
• Chronophotographe, [143].
• Chronophotography, [116], [126], [174].
• Cinématographe, [150–151], [175].
• Cinematoscope, [154]. See also [Kinematoscope].
• Clarke, E. M., [170].
• Claudet, Antoine François Jean, [110], [111], [171].
• Clement & Gilmer, [176].
• Collegio Romano, [9], [10], [46], [51], [59], [60], [63].
• Color Perception, [88].
• Color Photography, [117], [143], [157].
• Color Printing, [117].
• Color Projection. See [Projection].
• Continsouza, Pierre Victor, [176].
• Cook and Bonelli, [172].
• Cotton States Exposition. See [Expositions].
• Croft, W. C., [139], [175].
• Crookes, [124].
• Cruikshank, George, [81].
• D
• Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandé, [106], [109], [141], [170].
• Daguerreotype, [107], [108], [110].
• D’Aguilon, François. See [Aguilon, François d’].
• D’Ailly, Pierre. See [Ailly, Pierre d’].
• Danti, E., [39].
• Da Vinci, Leonardo. See [Vinci, Leonardo da].
• Day, Wilfred, [144].
• Dealers, commercial, [69], [102], [137], [158].
• De Bedts, Rider. See [Bedts, Rider de].
• De Chales, Claude François Milliet. See [Chales, Claude François Milliet de].
• De Forest, Lee, [160].
• Della Porta, Giovanni Battista. See [Porta, Giovanni Battista della].
• Demeny, Georges, [125], [133], [139], [145], [146], [150], [176].
• De Moland, Humbert. See [Moland, Humbert de].
• Desvignes, Pierre Hubert, [171].
• De Valesius, George. See [Valesius, George de].
• Diaphragm, [39].
• Dickson, Antonia, [137].
• Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie, [133], [134], [136], [137], [157], [158], [174].
• Disks: See also [Phénakisticope];
• glass, [128];
• magic, see [Plateau-Stampfer Magic Disks];
• mica, [114];
• Plateau-Stampfer, see [Plateau-Stampfer Magic Disks];
• revolving, see [Revolving Disks];
• zinc shutter, [128].
• Disney, Walt, [14], [153].
• Dom-Martin, [176].
• Donisthorpe, Wordsworth, [130], [131], [139], [140], [146], [148], [152], [173], [175].
• Drumont, [176].
• Dry-plate Photography. See [Photography].
• Duboscq, Jules, [109], [110], [170], [171].
• Du Hauron, Louis Ducos, [117], [118], [172].
• Duhousset, Col., [116].
• Dumont, Thomas Hooman, [171].
• Duval, Mathias, [116], [125].
• E
• Eames, Owen A., [176].
• Eastman, George, [130], [134], [140], [150], [174], [175].
• Edison, Thomas Alva, [12], [61], [102], [126], [128–138], [141], [143], [145], [146], [148], [149], [154], [157–161], [173–175].
• Edgeworth, Maria, [81].
• Eidoloscope, [157].
• Electrical Tachyscope, [127], [134], [139], [154–156], [174].
• English Mirrors. See [Mirrors].
• Euclid, [21], [163].
• Euler, Leonhard, [168].
• Evans, Mortimer, [139], [142], [148], [175].
• Expositions:
• Chicago World’s Fair, [127], [136], [154];
• Cotton States, [155];
• Paris—1889, [128], [134];
• Works of All Nations, [108–110].
• F
• Fantascope, [78], [93], [94], [96], [109], [170]. See also [Phantoscope] and [Phénakisticope].
• Faraday, Michael, [87], [91], [92], [94], [95], [109], [111], [170].
• Film: See also [Eastman] and [Goodwin];
• celluloid, [133], [142], [144], [147], [150], [172], [174];
• on spools or reels, [133], [148];
• painted, [147], [153];
• paper, [126], [132], [140], [174];
• perforated or notched, [133], [134], [145], [150];
• plastic, [134], [142], [150], [153], [157], [174];
• unperforated, [145], [158].
• Fitton, William, [84], [169].
• Flammarion, C., [116].
• Fontaine, [129].
• Font-de-Faune, Cave of, [14].
• Forest, Lee de. See [De Forest, Lee].
• Foucauld, Léon, [172].
• Franklin, Benjamin, [74], [168].
• Friese-Greene, William. See [Greene, William Friese].
• G
• Galen, [164].
• Galileo, [45].
• Gammon. See [Raff] & Gammon.
• Gaumont, Léon, [146], [150].
• Gauthier, [176].
• Geber, [164].
• Geissler, Heinrich, [127].
• Geissler tube. See [Projection Light Sources].
• Georgiades, George, [138], [151].
• Gilmore, W. E., [158].
• Giovio, Benedetto, [33].
• Glass Slides. See [Slides].
• Glasses, Burning. See [Burning Glasses].
• Goodwin, Hannibal Williston, [174], [175].
• Gossart, A., [176].
• Govi, [124].
• Gravesande, Willem Jakob van’s. See [Van’s Gravesande, Willem Jakob].
• Greene, William Friese, [139], [142–144], [148], [175].
• Grey, [176].
• Grimoin-Sanson, Raoul, [176].
• Guinard, Pierre L., [168].
• Gutenberg, [165].
• Guyot, Jean Gilles, [71], [72], [75].
• H
• Hammond’s Teleview, [111].
• Harris, Augustus, [153].
• Harris, John, [167].
• Hauron, Louis Ducos du. See [Du Hauron, Louis Ducos].
• Hauslab, Field Marshall von, [99], [102].
• Heliocinegraphe, [110].
• Heliostat, [167].
• Heliotypes, [169].
• Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von, [124].
• Herschel, John, [84], [169].
• Heyl, Henry Renno, [112–114], [121], [172].
• Holland, Andrew, M., [137].
• Holland Bros., [151].
• Hooke, Robert, [167].
• Hopkins, Alfred, [130].
• Hopwood, Cecil M., [176].
• Horner, William George, [109], [170].
• Howard, F., [176].
• Hoxie, Charles A., [160].
• Hughes, W. C., [176].
• Hunt, Robert, [108].
• Hunter, Rudolph Melville, [156].
• Hyalotype, [108], [171].
• Hyatt Company, [133], [153].
• Hyatt, John Wesley, [172].
• Hydrocarbon Lamp. See [Projection Light Sources].
• I
• Illusion of Motion. See [Motion, Illusion of].
• Illusions, Optical, [63], [73].
• Intermittent Movement. See [Movement, Intermittent].
• Isaacs, John D., [118], [120], [173].
• J
• Jacob, Willem, [144].
• Janssen, Pierre Jules César, [116], [125], [173].
• Janssen, Zachary, [45].
• Japanese Mirrors. See [Mirrors].
• “Jazz Singer, The,” [160].
• Jenkins, C. (Charles) Francis, [155], [156], [176].
• Jennings, W. N., [143].
• “J. M.”, [87], [169].
• Joly, Henri, [176].
• K
• Kaleidophone, [169].
• Kaleidoscope, [53], [83], [169].
• Kaster, Captain, [84].
• Keith’s Theatre, [151].
• Kepler, Johannes, [43–46], [166].
• Kesler, John Stephan, [60].
• Kinematoscope, [112], [114], [172]. See also [Cinematoscope].
• Kineograph, [172].
• Kineopticon, [154].
• Kinesigraph, [131], [139], [173].
• Kinetic Lantern, [154].
• Kinetograph, [130], [133], [135–138], [149], [175].
• Kinetophonograph, [137], [138].
• Kinetoscope, [130], [133], [137], [151], [155], [156], [158], [159], [175].
• Kinetoscope Exhibition Company, [156].
• Kinetoscope Parlor, [137].
• Kingston-on-Thames Museum, [128].
• Kircher, Athanasius, [9–12], [20], [46], [48–80], [85], [101], [102], [104], [161], [166], [171].
• KMCD Syndicate, [157].
• Koopman, E. B., [157].
• Koster & Bial’s Music Hall, [11], [158], [159], [176].
• Kunckelius, J., [68].
• L
• Laing, James, [172].
• Lambda Company, [157].
• Lamposcope, [124], [174].
• Langenheim Brothers, [106–112], [114], [161], [171], [173].
• Langenheim, Frederic, [106–108], [112], [171]. See also [Langenheim Brothers].
• Langenheim, William, [106], [107], [112], [171]. See also [Langenheim Brothers].
• Langenmantel, Jerome, [59], [67].
• Langley, Samuel P., [145].
• Langlois, [172].
• Lanterns. See [Kinetic Lantern], [Magic Lantern], [Megalographica Lantern], and [Thaumaturga Lantern].
• Latham, Grey, [156], [176].
• Latham, Otway, [156], [176].
• Latham, Woodville, [156–158], [176].
• Lauste, Eugène, [157].
• Lee, [172].
• Lenses, [39], [54], [63], [65–67], [69], [70], [75], [100], [101], [108], [112], [141], [144], [155], [166–167].
• Le Prince, Louis Aimé Augustin, [139], [141], [174].
• Levison, Wallace Goold, [143].
• Libri, Guillaume, [34].
• Liesegang, Paul E., [147].
• Linnett, [172].
• Lucretius, [96], [97], [163].
• Lumière, Auguste, [150], [175].
• Lumière Bros., [149], [150], [175].
• Lumière, Louis, [149], [150], [158], [175].
• M
• Maddox, R. L., [116].
• Madou, [92].
• Magascope, [168].
• Magic Disks. See [Plateau-Stampfer Magic Disks].
• Magic Lantern: [9], [11], [48–69], [84], [98], [107], [108], [136], [147], [150], [166], [171], [173];
• Motion effects: See [Chapters VIII] and [IX].
• Magnifying glass, [15], [163].
• Maguire & Baucus, [176].
• Maltese Cross Gear System, [153], [155], [172].
• Marey, Etienne Jules, [115], [116], [118], [119], [121–129], [133], [134], [137], [139], [143–145], [147], [148], [150], [151], [161], [173–175].
• Mariro, Bruono, [33].
• Marischelle, H., [146].
• Marvin, Henry Norton, [157].
• Mason, Joe, [141].
• Maurolico (Maurolycus), Francesco, [32], [33], [165].
• Maxwell, James Clerk, [173].
• Megalographica Lantern, [67].
• Meissonier, Jean Louis Ernest, [123], [128], [174].
• Melies, Georges, [176].
• Mendel, [176].
• Messager, [176].
• Microscope, [15], [25], [32], [67], [168], [172].
• Mirrors: [39], [40], [53], [104], [108], [164];
• English, [16], [17], [163];
• Japanese, [16], [163].
• Mohr, Nicholas, [63].
• Moigno, Abbé François Napoléon Marie, [96], [110], [170].
• Moissant, Charles, [150].
• Moland, Humbert de, [172].
• Molteni, A., [172].
• Molyneux, William, [62], [68], [69], [167].
• Mortier, [176].
• Motion Color Photography, [143].
• Motion, Illusion of, [14], [18], [21], [26], [45], [73], [89–97], [100–114].
• Motion Photography, [116–125], [128], [132], [143], [146], [147].
• Motion Projection: See [Projection].
• Motorscope, [172].
• Movement, Intermittent, [113], [116], [150], [153], [155], [172], [173]. See also [Marey] and [Muybridge].
• Müller, Johann, [170].
• Muggeridge, Edward James: See [Muybridge, Eadweard].
• Multiple Lenses: See [Lenses].
• Musschenbroek, Pieter van, [70–74], [76], [77], [161], [168].
• Mutograph, [157], [158].
• Mutoscope, [157], [158].
• Muybridge, Eadweard, [118–128], [137], [142], [147], [161], [173], [174].
• N
• Natural Camera: See [Camera Obscura].
• Necromancy, [9], [10], [28], [56], [75], [76], [114], [164]. See also [Phantasmagoria].
• Newman & Guardia, [176].
• Newnes, George, [140].
• Newsreel, first, [151].
• Niceron, Jean Pierre, [166].
• Nicholas of Cusa, [165].
• Niepce, Joseph Nicéphore, [169], [170].
• Noakes & Norman, [176].
• Nollet, Abbé, [71], [73], [74], [168].
• O
• Olympia Theatre, [153].
• Optical Illusions: See [Illusions, Optical].
• Ott, Fred, [136], [137].
• Ottway, [176].
• P
• Pantograph, [46].
• Pantoptikon, [157].
• Panuce: See [Papnutio, Benedettano Don].
• Papnutio, Benedettano Don, [33], [34], [165].
• Paris, John Ayrton, [80–84], [161], [169].
• Parnaland, Ambrose Francis, [176].
• Parkes, Alexander, [172].
• Pathé, Charles, [153].
• Paul, Robert William, [151–154], [158], [176].
• Peacock, Thomas Love, [81].
• Peckham, John, [33], [165].
• Peep-show machine, Edison’s, [96], [134], [138], [139], [149], [154], [155].
• Perret & Lacroix, [176].
• Persistence of vision, [18], [21], [22], [38], [80], [82], [83], [85–87], [94], [97], [163], [164], [169].
• Phantasmagoria, [75–79], [114], [152], [168]. See also [Necromancy].
• Phantoscope, [78], [155]. See also [Fantascope].
• Phasmatrope, [113], [114].
• Phénakisticope, [92–94], [96], [97], [109], [170]. See also [Fantascope].
• Phonetic Kaleidoscope, [169].
• Phonograph, [130–132], [140], [146], [154], [159], [173], [174].
• Photo-gun, [116], [122], [125], [145], [173].
• Photobioscope, [172].
• Photograph projection, [105–114], [121], [134], [142].
• Photographic Pellicle, [174].
• Photography:
• color, see [Color Photography];
• dry plate, [116];
• motion, see [Motion Photography];
• motion color, see [Motion Color Photography];
• wet plate, [112], [120].
• Photophone, [146].
• Photoscope, [146].
• Physiological Park, Marey’s, [125].
• Pipon, [176].
• Plateau, Joseph Antoine Ferdinand, [85–97], [102], [104], [109], [115], [122], [130], [161], [170].
• Plateau-Stampfer Magic Disks, [93–96], [98–100], [108–110], [113], [116], [121], [123], [126], [128], [137], [142], [170], [171], [173].
• Pliny, [32], [163].
• Porta, Giovanni Battista della, [36–45], [47], [48], [148], [161], [166].
• Praxinoscope, [124], [147], [174].
• Prestwich, [176].
• Prince, Louis Aimé Augustin Le: See [Le Prince, Louis Aimé Augustin].
• Projection:
• color, [66], [69], [96], [101], [153], [159];
• motion, [68], [70–75], [89], [92], [98], [102], [109], [112], [117], [121], [127], [128], [130], [136], [139], [140], [149], [152], [171–176];
• photograph, see [Photograph Projection];
• slide, see [Slide Projection];
• film, see [Film];
• light sources, see [Projection Light Sources];
• rear, [148];
• screen, [10], [11], [40], [92], [98], [104], [121], [123], [132], [134], [147], [148], [154–159], [176];
• three-dimensional, [65], [109–111].
• Projection Lenses: See [Lenses].
• Projection Light Sources:
• candle, [54];
• electric arc, [144];
• gas lamp, [108], [169];
• Geissler tube, [127], [128], [147], [174];
• hydrocarbon lamp, [99];
• oxyhydrogen light, [101], [146], [171];
• sun, [55], [144], [167], [175];
• table lamp, [67], [73], [124].
• Projection of Motion: See [Projection].
• Projectors: [15], [104], [129], [139], [149], [163–176];
• Acres, [154];
• Anschütz, [146], [147];
• Armat-Edison, [158–160];
• Armat-Jenkins, [155], [158];
• Chales, de, [65];
• Demeny, [146];
• Edison, [135–137]; see also [Vitascope];
• Gaumont, [146];
• Greene, [143];
• Greene-Rudge, [142], [175];
• Heyl, [113]; see also [Phasmatrope];
• Jenkins; see [Armat-Jenkins];
• Kircher, [53–55], [59]; see also [Magic Lantern];
• Latham, [157];
• Le Prince, [141];
• Lumière, [150], [151];
• Marey, [144], [145];
• Muybridge, [128]; see also [Zoopraxiscope];
• Paul, [152], [153];
• Reynaud, [123], [147], [148]; see also [Praxinoscope];
• Rudge, [141], [142];
• Schott, [63];
• Uchatius, [100–102];
• Zahn, [67].
• Prokesch, W., [102].
• Proszynski, [176].
• Ptolemy, [21], [22], [26], [164].
• Q
• Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques, [86], [89], [92].
• Quinetoscope, [112], [171].
• R
• Raff & Gammon, [137], [158], [159].
• Radio City Music Hall, [66].
• Rear Projection: See [Projection].
• Reinhold, Erasmus, [165].
• Reville, [172].
• Revolving disks, [59], [67], [70], [89], [92], [93], [96], [100], [116], [121].
• Reynaud, Emile, [79], [123], [139], [147], [173–175].
• Riley, [176].
• Ritchie, William, [169].
• Robert, Etienne Gaspard: See [Robertson, Etienne Gaspard].
• Robertson, Etienne Gaspard, [77–79], [168].
• Roger, Peter Mark, [86], [87], [94], [95], [169].
• Roman College: See [Collegio Romano].
• Rotating lenses: See [Lenses].
• Rowe, [176].
• Rudge, John Arthur Roebuck, [139], [141–143], [148], [175].
• S
• Sallé & Mazo, [176].
• Salle au Grand-Café, [151].
• Sanson, Raoul Grimoin: See G[rimoin-Sanson, Raoul].
• Scheele, Carl William, [168].
• Scheiner, Christopher, [45], [46], [166].
• Schemer, [67].
• Schott, Gaspar, [62–64], [66], [67], [69], [166].
• Schultze, Johann Heinrich, [167], [168].
• Screen Projection: See [Projection].
• Seely, [172].
• Sellers, Coleman, [111], [112], [114], [172].
• Seneca, [163].
• Sequin, [171], [173].
• Seraphin, François, [76], [168].
• Shadow Plays, [13], [16], [76], [77], [148], [163], [168].
• Shaw, William Thomas, [171].
• Showmanship, [15], [16], [36–42], [58], [67], [68], [72], [73], [76–79], [123], [168].
• Shutters, [96], [111], [113], [116], [121], [124], [135].
• Silver, [163].
• Silver chloride, [168].
• Silver nitrate, [164], [168], [169].
• Sinsteden, Dr., [96], [97].
• Skladanowski, Max, [176].
• Slide Projection, [48–79], [85–114].
• Slides:
• painted, [68], [69], [100], [104], [110], [124];
• photographic: See [Photograph projection].
• Snell, Ebenezer Strong, [106], [170].
• Snell, Willebrord, [166].
• Soleil, François, [110], [170].
• Sound Motion Pictures, [131], [132], [134–138], [159], [160].
• Sources of Light: See [Projection Light Sources].
• Spaĉil, Karl, [104].
• Stampfer, Simon Ritter von, [85], [93–95], [170]. See also [Plateau-Stampfer magic disks].
• Stanford, Leland, [118–122].
• Stereofantascope, [109], [172].
• Stereopticon, [136].
• Stereoscope, [67], [109], [111], [170–172].
• Stereoscope Cosmorama Exhibit, [111].
• Stereostrope, [172].
• Stillman, J. D. B, [119], [120].
• Story, A. T., [143].
• Stroboscope, [88], [93], [94], [170].
• T
• Tachyscope: See [Electrical Tachyscope].
• Talbot calotype process, [107].
• Talbot, William Henry Fox, [106], [107], [133], [142], [170].
• Talking Pictures: See [Sound Motion Pictures].
• Tanera, A. D., [147].
• Telescope, [15], [25], [26], [41], [45], [53], [63], [65], [67].
• Teleview, Hammond’s: See [Hammond’s Teleview].
• Television, [156].
• Thaumatrope, [80], [89], [94], [142], [157], [169], [172].
• Thaumaturga Lantern, [67].
• Théâtre Optique, [147], [157], [175].
• Théâtre Robert Houdin, [79].
• Theatrograph, [153].
• Thirion, Catherine, [85].
• Thompson, Silvanus, [153].
• Thuringopolonus: See [Witelo].
• Tissandier, Gaston, [121], [124].
• Trajedis, George, [138], [151].
• U
• Uchatius bronze, [98], [103].
• Uchatius, Franz von, [68], [98–105], [108], [112], [117], [121], [142], [152], [161], [171], [172], [174].
• V
• Valesius, George de, [60].
• Van Musschenbroek, Pieter: See [Musschenbroek, Pieter van].
• Van’s Gravesande, Willem Jakob, [167].
• Varley, John, [143].
• Vassel, Eugene, [122].
• Vinci, Leonardo da, [29], [31], [32], [34], [35], [38], [43], [44], [69], [161], [165].
• Vision, Persistence of: See [Persistence of Vision].
• Vitascope, [11], [158–160].
• Von Hauslab, Field Marshall: See [Hauslab, Field Marshall von].
• Von Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand: See [Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von].
• Von Stampfer, Simon Ritter: See [Stampfer, Simon Ritter von].
• W
• Walgenstein, Thomas, [58], [66], [69], [150], [167].
• Warner, Albert, [160].
• Warner Bros., [160]
• Warner, Harry, [160].
• Warner, Jack, [160].
• Warner, Sam, [160].
• Wattson, [176].
• Wedgwood, Tom, [168].
• Wells, H. G., [152].
• Werner, [138], [149], [176].
• Wet-plate photography: See [Photography].
• Wheatstone, Charles, [109], [110], [169–171].
• Wheel of Life, [108], [116], [122], [129], [173]. See also [Plateau-Stampfer Magic Disks].
• Wheel phenomenon, [86], [87], [91], [92], [169].
• Whirling Top, [70], [74].
• Winter Garden Theatre, [160].
• Witelo (Thuringopolonus), [43], [164].
• Wolff, Phillip, [176].
• Wollaston, William Hyde, [84], [169].
• Wotton, Henry, [166].
• Y
• Yarwell, John, [69].
• Z
• Zahn, Johann, [62], [66–69], [101], [167].
• Zion, [176].
• Zoetrope, [113], [126], [137], [172].
• Zoopraxinographoscope, [124].
• Zoopraxiscope, [124], [174].
• Zoopraxographical Hall, [127].

Transcriber’s Notes