FRANKLIN SQUARE.

1860.

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, by

Harper & Brothers,

in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New York.

CONTENTS TO VOL. I.

CHAPTER I.
Discoveries—to the Year 1521.
America discovered by the Vikings.—Runic pillars of Rask and Finn Magnusen.—Christopher Columbus: his various voyages.—John and Sebastian Cabot.—The Portuguese.—Vasco de Gama and Cortereal.—John Verazzani despatched by Francis I. reaches Nova Scotia.—Jacques Cartier’s voyages.—Ponce de Leon discovers Florida.—Fernandez de Cordova discovers Yucatan.—Conquest of Mexico by Cortes [1]–12
CHAPTER II.
Discoveries—(continued).
Pamphilo de Narvaez’ expedition to Florida.—Ferdinand de Soto lands with 600 men.—Their adventures in search of gold.—Sufferings and death of de Soto.—The Mississippi discovered.—Florida colonised by Huguenots.—The French settlement destroyed by Pedro Melendez.—English discovery.—Willoughby and Richard Chancellor.—Frobisher.—Sir Humphrey Gilbert.—Sir Walter Raleigh.—The colony of Virginia and its fortunes.—Sir Francis Drake [13]–28
CHAPTER III.
Discoveries—(continued).
Second attempt of Raleigh to colonise Virginia.—Rupture with the natives.—Delay in the supply of necessaries to the colonists.—Misfortunes of Raleigh.—His efforts for the colony.—Bartholomew Gosnold lands at Cape Cod.—Penobscot river discovered.—The voyages of the French.—Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Acadia.—Quebec founded in 1608.—Samuel Champlain.—Henry Hudson’s voyages to the north.—He endeavours to discover a passage to the Pacific.—His sufferings and death [29]–38
CHAPTER IV.
Colonisation of Virginia.
New motives for colonisation in the seventeenth century.—England steps into the field of enterprise.—The Plymouth and London Companies founded.—Vain effort of the Plymouth Company.—The London Company despatches a squadron, which lands in Chesapeake Bay.—The settlement of Jamestown formed.—Wingfield and Smith.—Extraordinary adventures of Smith.—His life saved by the Indian girl, Pocahontas.—Gold, mania in the colony.—Dissatisfaction of the London Company.—Lord de la Ware appointed governor.—Famine in the colony.—New settlements and new charter.—Pocahontas visits England.—Land-law in Virginia.—Written constitution.—Unexpected rising among the Indians.—New laws.—Governors of Virginia.—Democratic spirit.—Tobacco [39]–75
CHAPTER V.
Colonisation of Maryland.
The London Company’s second charter.—Clayborne.—Sir George Calvert, afterwards Lord Baltimore, obtains from James I. a grant of land, which is called Maryland.—Cecil Calvert sends Leonard Calvert to Maryland with emigrants.—Clayborne’s attempt to discourage the colonists.—His turbulence.—Incursions of the Indians.—Puritanism.—Toleration of the government.—Political troubles.—The dissensions compromised [76]–87
CHAPTER VI.
Colonisation of Massachusetts.
Smith’s Voyage to Massachusetts Bay.—New England.—Hunt kidnaps the Indians.—King James grants the “great patent.”—Puritanism in England.—The Pilgrim Fathers.—Commencement of English Nonconformity.—Policy of James I. towards the Church of England.—Oppression, and resistance of the bigotry of James.—Struggle between established authority and the spirit of liberty [88]–97
CHAPTER VII.
The Pilgrim Fathers.
Many Puritans find refuge in Holland.—The congregation at Leyden determine to remove to America.—They obtain a patent from the Virginia Company.—The Mayflower and the Speedwell leave Leyden.—The Mayflower sails from Plymouth alone.—The emigrants land at Cape Cod.—Their sufferings.—The settlement of New Plymouth founded.—Hardship and labour.—Friendly relations established with the Indians.—The “unruly colony” at Weymouth.—Gradual rise of New Plymouth [98]–111
CHAPTER VIII.
Massachusetts-bay Colony.
Attempts to colonise the coast.—Portsmouth founded.—Richard Vines’ expedition.—First settlement of Maine and Nova Scotia.—New emigrants.—Settlement founded in the wilderness of Salem.—John Winthrop.—Settlement at Boston.—Fortunes of the colonists.—Bigotry creeps in among them.—Friendly disposition of the Indian chiefs.—Commencement of trade with Virginia, and with the Dutch, on the Hudson.—Representative government established at Massachusetts.—Arrival of Henry Vane [112]–121
CHAPTER IX.
Rhode Island.—Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson.
Roger Williams arrives at Massachusetts.—His liberal doctrines procure his expulsion from the colony.—His residence among the Indians.—His character.—He obtains a charter, and founds the province of Rhode Island, under the title of Providence Plantation.—The Pequods and others threaten Massachusetts.—Williams negotiates with them for his persecutors.—Anne Hutchinson and her opinions.—She is banished, and founds a new settlement in the neighbourhood of Providence.—Her melancholy death [122]–130
CHAPTER X.
Settlement of Connecticut.
The Connecticut river discovered.—John Winthrop obtains a commission from England to build a fort, &c., at the mouth of the Connecticut river.—Severity of the first winter, and hardships endured by the colonists.—Attempt of the Dutch to take possession.—Great emigration to the valley of the Connecticut.—Expedition against the Pequods.—Terrible massacre of the Pequods, who are annihilated as a tribe.—Theophilus Eaton and John Davenport found the settlement of Quinnipiack or New Haven [131]–140
CHAPTER XI.
The New England Union.
Complaints made against Massachusetts.—Laud appointed commissioner over the colonies.—Preparations for resistance.—Fearful religious persecutions in England.—The danger averted from the colonies by the breaking out of the great civil war.—Union of the states for mutual protection.—Fate of the chief Miantonomob.—Roger Williams obtains the acknowledgment of Rhode Island as a separate state.—Fundamental laws of Massachusetts.—Educational measures.—Samuel Gorton founds a settlement at Shawomet.—He is summoned by Massachusetts and put in irons.—He escapes to England.—The colonists repudiate the interference of the home government.—Cromwell’s good will towards the new Englanders.—The quakers persecuted in Massachusetts.—Their obstinacy.—John Eliot among the Indians [141]–160
CHAPTER XII.
New Netherlands—New Sweden.
Hudson’s visit to New York Bay.—Indian traditions concerning the event.—Particulars of Hudson’s visit.—Dutch settlements around the Hudson.—Cornelius May.—Friendship between the Dutch settlers and the New Plymouth colonists.—Charter obtained by the “college of nineteen.”—Swedish emigration.—Settlement of Swedes in Delaware Bay.—The Dutch governor Kieft.—His massacre of the Indians.—Their vengeance.—A truce effected.—John Underhill protector of the New Netherlands [161]–173
CHAPTER XIII.
New York.—New Sweden.
Peter Stuyvesant arrives as governor.—State of the New Netherlands.—Symptoms of weakness.—War between England and Holland.—Stuyvesant subdues the Swedish settlement.—Tolerant spirit among the Dutch.—Quarrel between governor Stuyvesant and his people.—Sir Richard Nichols takes possession of New Amsterdam.—Surinam left to the Dutch in exchange for New Netherlands [174]–182
CHAPTER XIV.
The Restoration and its Effects.
The Restoration.—Execution of Hugh Peters and of Sir Henry Vane.—Whalley and Goffe, the regicides, fly to Boston, and are sheltered by the New Englanders.—The younger Winthrop obtains a charter for Connecticut.—Happiness of the colony.—Life in Connecticut.—Educational provisions.—Rhode Island obtains a charter.—Quakerism established in Rhode Island.—Effect of the Restoration on the remaining States [183]–192
CHAPTER XV.
Massachusetts under Charles II.
Deputation to Charles II. from Massachusetts.—The charter confirmed with certain restrictions.—Struggle between the colony and the home government.—Remonstrance addressed to the king.—Collision between the constables of Massachusetts and the Royal Commissioners.—Massachusetts refuses to send deputies to England.—Prosperity of the colony.—Indian and white population of New England.—Indian warfare and disaster.—The “swamp fight.”—Destruction of the red men.—Their firmness.—Philip of Pocanoket.—Results of the war.—Escape of Anne Brackett [193]–207
CHAPTER XVI.
The Charter of Massachusetts annulled.
The London merchants jealous of Massachusetts.—Maine redeemed by Massachusetts for £1200.—New Hampshire separated from Massachusetts and constituted a royal province.—Cranfield sent out as governor.—Associations formed to resist taxes imposed by him.—Retirement of Cranfield.—The charter of Massachusetts threatened.—Efforts made by the colony to preserve it.—Vain remonstrances.—The charter annulled [208]–212
CHAPTER XVII.
The Settlement of Carolina.
South Virginia.—Carolina.—Tract of land granted by Charles I. to Sir Robert Heath.—William Drummond.—Barbadoes planters in Clarendon county.—The settlement of Albemarle.—Locke’s grand model constitution and its provisions.—Its indifferent reception among the colonists.—George Fox visits Carolina.—Dissatisfaction with the English government.—Navigation Laws.—John Culpepper’s arrest and acquittal.—Governor Sothel’s tyranny.—Emigrants at Port Royal.—Carteret county.—Charleston founded.—Prosperity of South Carolina.—Influx of emigrants.—Huguenot fugitives.—The Menigault family.—Slavery.—The buccaneers favoured in South Carolina.—Disturbances.—Return of Sothel.—The grand model constitution abrogated [213]–234
CHAPTER XVIII.
Virginia under Charles II.
The Restoration disastrous to Virginia.—Sir William Berkeley elected governor.—Loyalty of the colony.—Change in the form of government.—Slavery in Virginia.—Tobacco cultivation.—Picture of life in Virginia.—The Navigation Act enforced.—The English episcopal church becomes the state religion.—The justiciary government changed.—Exploring expedition.—Arbitrary grants of land.—Dissatisfaction in the colony.—Incursions of the Indians.—Nathaniel Bacon’s insurrection.—He obtains his commission as commander against the Indians.—Berkeley’s treachery.—Power of Bacon.—Sir William Berkeley at Jamestown.—His flight.—Jamestown taken and burnt by the insurgents.—Death of Bacon.—Cruelty of Berkeley.—His death.—Culpepper’s administration.—Slave-code.—Spirit of the Virginians in 1688 [235]–257
CHAPTER XIX.
Maryland under Charles II.
Lord Baltimore’s liberal policy.—His toleration and justice.—The Quakers and their position.—George Fox.—Adventure of John Jay.—Administration of Thomas Notley.—Lord Baltimore persecuted in England on account of his tolerance.—The liberties of Maryland threatened, but preserved by the dethronement of James II. [258]–263
CHAPTER XX.
Settlement of New Jersey.—The Quakers.
The land between the Hudson and Delaware made over to Lord Berkeley and Sir G. Carteret.—The Delaware Indians in New Jersey.—Philip Carteret arrives in Newark Bay.—Disorders in the colony.—Lord Lovelace’s system of government.—The Duke of York’s tyranny.—The “holy experiment” of the Quakers.—Creed of the Quakers.—Their steadfastness under oppression and persecution.—The fundamental laws of New Jersey as established by the Quakers.—Emigrating Quaker-companies.—Resignation of the territory by the Duke of York.—The Quakers firmly settled in the New World [264]–275
CHAPTER XXI.
The Settlement of Pennsylvania.
Account of William Penn.—His reverses and constancy.—His various imprisonments.—His wish to provide for the Quakers an asylum in the New World.—He purchases land of Charles II., and founds Pennsylvania.—The constitution of the new colony.—The “holy experiment.”—The “free society of traders” formed.—Surrender of territory by the Duke of York.—The first assembly convened at Chester.—Penn’s celebrated treaty with the Indians.—The “gospel tree.”—Peace between Quakers and Indians.—Philadelphia founded.—Penn’s visit to Lord Baltimore.—His return to England and subsequent misfortunes.—His opinions on slavery [276]–290
CHAPTER XXII.
New France.—Discoveries in the great Lake Region.
The French, settlers in Canada.—Their dealings with the Indians.—The Jesuit missionaries and their labours.—Brebeuf and Daniel live among the Indians.—The villages of St. Louis and St. Ignatius founded.—Enthusiasm awakened in France.—Missionary labours among the Indians.—Charles Raymbault and Claude Pijart.—Jogues, his sufferings and heroism.—His fate.—Indian warfare and cruelty.—Chaumonot’s labours.—Missionary enthusiasm.—Mesnard.—Allouez [291]–305
CHAPTER XXIII.
Discovery of the Mississippi.
Franciscan friars as missionaries.—Marquette’s design of navigating the “Great River.”—Discouraging reports among the Indians.—The expedition sets forth.—Bancroft’s account of the journey.—Indian villages.—The river Illinois.—Joliet and Robert Cavalier la Salle.—Colony planted on Lake Michigan.—Hennepin’s travels.—Tonti and his misfortunes.—French colonising expedition.—Erection of Fort St. Louis.—La Salle murdered.—Hostilities of the Iroquois.—Small extent of the French settlements [306]–318
CHAPTER XXIV.
The Colonies after the Revolution of 1688.
Quarrels in Carolina between dissenters and churchmen.—John Archdale, chosen proprietary, favours the dissenters.—His successor, Blake, sides with the churchmen.—Unsettled condition of North Carolina.—Disturbances in the colony.—Governorship of Nicholson and Andros.—Independent spirit of the Virginians.—Maryland.—Its condition and productions.—Pennsylvania.—The charter of privileges.—Constitution of New Jersey.—New York.—Unpopularity of James II.—Governor Dongan.—Leisler’s insurrection.—His execution.—Benjamin Fletcher governor.—Captain Kidd the pirate.—Lord Cornbury.—His duplicity and profligacy.—The conquest of Canada urged.—Robert Hunter governor of New York.—Yale college founded [319]–343
CHAPTER XXV.
The First Intercolonial War.—The Salem Witchcraft.
Andros expelled from Boston.—Massachusetts engages in war against Canada and the Indians.—Sir William Phipps’s expedition against Nova Scotia.—Indian warfare.—Prisoners sold to the French.—New charter for Massachusetts.—The witch mania.—Mather and his book.—Absurd and cruel persecution of supposed witches.—Penn’s judgment in a case of witchcraft.—Renewed Indian warfare.—Indian outrages.—Judicial code of Massachusetts [344]–359
CHAPTER XXVI.
Settlement of Louisiana.—Queen Anne’s War.
Callieres excites the Indians against the British.—Lemonie d’Ilberville’s expedition.—Arrival at Ship Island.—The settlement of Detroit.—English expedition to explore the mouth of the Mississippi.—The “English turn.”—The settlement of Natchez.—The settlers of Biloxi.—William III. declares war against France and Spain.—Combats between the settlers and the various nations.—Deerfield destroyed.—Atrocities of Indian warfare.—Port Royal taken.—Admiral Walker’s exploits.—The Tuscarora Indians.—Issues of paper money.—The two Carolinas become separate royal governments.—Enactments with regard to slaves.—The treaty of Utrecht.—Population of the colonies in 1714.—Piracy [360]–379
CHAPTER XXVII.
Law’s Bubble.—Louisiana Established.—Growth of Liberty in the States.
State of the American colonies at the accession of the House of Hanover.—The “Mississippi scheme.”—John Law’s bank.—New Orleans founded.—Louisiana established.—Destruction of the Natchez race of Indians.—War with the Chicasaws.—Breaking out of the small-pox in Boston.—Inoculation.—Benjamin Franklin and the “New England covenant.”—British restrictions on colonial manufactures.—Dispute on the salary of the Governor of Massachusetts.—Liberty of the press advocated.—Acquittal of John Zenger the printer [380]–389
CHAPTER XXVIII.
The Settlement of Georgia, and Progress of the States.
Oglethorpe’s benevolent exertions.—He obtains a charter for Georgia.—His departure from England in 1732.—The town of Savannah laid out.—The Moravians establish themselves in Georgia.—The town of Augusta founded.—Friendly disposition of the Indians.—Progress of the colony.—John and Charles Wesley in Georgia.—Whitfield and his preaching.—The Baptists.—False alarm for a negro rising.—War between England and Spain.—Oglethorpe’s services against the Spaniards.—Character of Oglethorpe.—The boundary of Maine.—The slave-trade.—Attitude of England with regard to the slave-trade.—Hospitality of the Virginians.—General advance of the colonies [390]–406

ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOL. I.

PAGE
Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers[frontispiece]
Portrait of Christopher Columbusto face[2]
Pocahontas interceding for John Smith„   [47]
First Meeting of the Assembly in Virginia„   [60]
Roger Williams’ Departure from Salem„   [124]
John Eliot preaching to the Indians„   [159]
Baxter presenting the Charter of Rhode Island„   [191]
Ejectment of the Sheriff by the People of New Hampshire„   [210]
Bacon addressing the Council„   [245]
Reception of Penn„   [282]
Penn and the Indians„   [284]
Penn’s Departure„   [288]
Whitfield preaching„   [396]

A POPULAR