FRANKLIN SQUARE.

1860.

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, by

Harper & Brothers,

in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New York.

CONTENTS TO VOL. II.

CHAPTER I.
Commencement of the Great Wars.
The Austrian succession.—Renewed treaty with the six nations.—Breaking out of the war.—Governor Shirley attacks Louisburg.—Co-operation of the colonies.—Commodore Warren’s squadron.—Siege of Louisburg.—The city capitulates.—Franklin’s scheme for raising troops.—The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle.—Louisburg and Cape Breton returned to the French.—Undefined limits of English and French claims on America.—The Ohio company.—Remonstrance of Duquesne.—Washington’s first service.—Disputes among the colonists themselves.—Franklin’s scheme for general union rejected.—Braddock chosen major-general.—Taxation and discontent.—The English occupy Nova Scotia.—Acadia.—The outrage on the Acadians.—Their unhappy fate.—Braddock’s fancied security.—His discomfiture and death.—Expeditions against Niagara and Crown Point.—Death of Williams and Hendricks.—General feeling in North America for liberty.—John Adams and his teachings [1]–19
CHAPTER II.
Progress of the War.—Conquest of Canada.
Plan of the campaign of 1756.—Arrival of General Abercrombie.—The Marquis of Montcalm.—Loudon’s disasters in 1756 and 1757.—Loudon recalled.—Preparations for a new campaign.—Energetic exertions of the colonists to raise troops and money.—Siege of Louisburg.—Death of Howe.—Repulse of Abercrombie.—Forbes’ expedition against Fort Duquesne.—The fort destroyed.—Campaign of 1759.—Scheme for conquest of Canada.—General Wolfe.—Amherst at Ticonderoga.—Wolfe undertakes the siege of Quebec.—Wolfe’s energetic measures.—Taking of Quebec.—Death of Wolfe and of the French Marquis Montcalm.—Operations in Canada.—Montreal surrendered.—The Cherokees humbled.—Peace of 1763.—Indian rising, and terrible vengeance.—Canada in English hands [20]–34
CHAPTER III.
Causes of the Revolutionary War.
Debt resulting from the struggle with the French.—Amount of expense incurred.—Growing power of the colonies.—English encroachments.—Navigation acts.—Duties on various articles.—Accession of George III.—Stamp-tax.—Indignation in the colonies.—Barre’s speech in the House of Commons.—The “Liberty tree.”—First colonial congress at New York.—Franklin at the bar of the house.—Repeal of the stamp act.—Operations of the Assembly at Massachusetts.—Reinforcements in New York.—The breach widens.—Tories and whigs.—Impulse given to the home manufactures of America.—First settlements in Tennessee.—The tea dispute.—Boston port bill passed.—Meeting of the Great Congress.—Efforts to produce a reconciliation.—Preparations for war.—Indian warfare.—The New England restraining bill.—Breaking out of the war. [35]–60
CHAPTER IV.
The Revolutionary War commences.
The British forces in America.—The affray at Lexington.—Its effect on the Americans.—Unity among the colonists.—Arnold’s exploits.—Battle of Bunker’s Hill.—Washington appointed commander-in-chief of the American army.—The Indians propitiated.—Montgomery takes possession of Quebec.—Settlement in Kentucky.—Obstinacy of George III.—Vain attempts at reconciliation.—British interests in the colonies. [61]–74
CHAPTER V.
The Revolutionary War (continued).—The British expelled from Boston.—Loss of New York, &c.
Washington resolves to occupy Boston.—The British evacuate the city.—Washington marches to New York.—Charleston fortified.—Moultrie’s defence of Charleston harbour.—The siege raised.—The declaration of independence drawn up and signed on the 4th July.—Howe arrives at Sandy Hook.—Plots against Washington.—Offers from Britain of indemnity on submission.—Disasters of the Americans at Long Island.—Washington returns to New York.—The British assault Fort Washington.—The Howes issue a proclamation for submission.—Despondency among the Americans.—Washington’s exploit at Trenton.—Attack on the British at Princetown.—The recovery of the Jerseys.—Franklin sent as envoy to Paris.—Lafayette joins the Americans. [75]–92
CHAPTER VI.
The Revolutionary War (continued)—1777.
War on the Canadian frontier.—Washington at Morristown.—Burgoyne’s expedition in the North.—His plan of operations.—Engagement at Hubbardton.—Burgoyne’s successes: he reaches the Hudson.—The “Green Mountain Boys” and their prowess.—Fate of Jenny M‘Crea.—General Gates assumes the command.—Battle of Saratoga.—Burgoyne falls back on Saratoga.—Surrender of the British army at Saratoga.—Washington at Philadelphia.—Battle of the Brandywine river.—Howe enters Philadelphia.—Washington’s ill success at Germantown.—His precarious position.—Want and distress in the American army.—Plan of confederation. [93]–110
CHAPTER VII.
The Revolutionary War (continued)—1778.
Discussions in Parliament on the American war.—Conciliatory measures proposed and rejected.—Losses suffered by the Americans.—Increase of warlike spirit among the Americans.—Treaties of commerce and alliance between France and the United States.—Offers from Britain rejected.—Philadelphia evacuated.—Battle of Freehold.—French fleet arrives to assist the Americans.—Attempt against Newport abandoned by D’Estaing.—British fleet, sent to oppose D’Estaing, arrives at New York.—Commissioners for conciliation.—Lafayette challenges the Earl of Carlisle.—The war assumes a ferocious character.—Destruction of Fort Wyoming.—The war in the South.—Savannah captured by the British [111]–128
CHAPTER VIII.
The Revolutionary War (continued)—1779.
Clarke takes the British post of Kaskaskia.—Improved state of Washington’s army.—John Roberts and Abraham Carlisle executed for treason.—Operations in the South.—State of Georgia and the Carolinas.—Loyalists or tories.—Party-spirit.—Victory of the British at Briar Creek.—March of the British towards Charleston.—They besiege the town, but soon retreat.—Clinton at Philipsburg.—Washington at New Jersey.—Tryon’s devastations.—Stony Point retaken with the bayonet.—Major Lee’s successes at Paul’s Hook.—Flight of the Americans on the Penobscot.—New settlements in the West.—Indian and loyalist depredations [129]–145
CHAPTER IX.
The Revolutionary War (continued).
Events in the West Indies.—Preparations for an attack on Savannah.—Paul Jones encounters Pearson.—Proposal to employ negroes in the war.—The British conquer South Carolina.—Action at Springfield [146]–159
CHAPTER X.
The Revolutionary War (continued)—1780.
General Gates sent to the relief of the southern provinces.—His discomfiture near Camden.—Women participate in the war.—Treason at West Point.—Arnold’s treachery.—Enterprise of Major André.—Failure of the scheme; escape of Arnold; arrest and death of André.—Gates superseded.—Ferguson slain.—Position of England at the close of 1780.—Critical state of affairs in America.—Financial efforts.—Arnold fights on the British side.—He ravages the banks of the James river [160]–174
CHAPTER XI.
The Revolutionary War (continued)—1781.
Cornwallis advances towards North Carolina.—Tarleton’s defeat at the battle of the Cowpens.—Passage of the Yadkin.—State of the American army.—The tories of North Carolina arm on the British side.—Greene and his taciturnity.—Battle near Guilford.—The Americans routed.—Greene’s advance to South Carolina.—Battle of Hobkirk’s Mill.—Sufferings of both armies.—The command of the British devolves on Colonel Stuart.—Execution of Isaac Hayne.—Phillips and Arnold in Virginia.—Operations of Cornwallis.—Smallness of Washington’s force.—Threatened attack on New York.—Sudden march towards the North.—Undecided Battle at Eutaw Springs [175]–191
CHAPTER XII.
Close of the Revolutionary War.
The French fleet arrives at the Chesapeake.—Du Barras arrives with his squadron.—Washington’s plans.—Fort Griswold carried by assault.—Ledyard murdered.—The British force blocked up at Yorktown.—Cornwallis’s hopes of relief.—Capitulation of the British army.—Yorktown and Gloucester surrendered.—The news of Cornwallis’s surrender in England.—Its effects on the king and on his ministers.—The Rockingham and Shelburne administrations.—Negotiations.—Dubious conduct of Vergennes.—The preliminaries of peace signed.—Murder of Joshua Huddy.—Captain Asgill’s narrow escape [192]–204
CHAPTER XIII.
State of the Country after the War.
Poverty of the American government.—Destitute condition of the republican troops.—Financial embarrassments.—Boundary line of States.—Claims to the territory of Vermont.—New York and other States oppose the admission of Vermont into the Union.—War on the Western frontiers.—Fight with the Indians in Kentucky.—Battle of the Big Blue Lick.—Simon Girty, the refugee.—Massacre of the Kentuckians.—Passage in the life of a Kentucky prisoner.—The back settlements of Carolina [205]–214
CHAPTER XIV.
The First Years of Peace.
Financial difficulties.—A monarchical government proposed.—Washington’s patriotism.—Discontent in the army.—Washington negotiates with the troops.—Washington established as the seat of government.—Peace with Great Britain formally proclaimed.—Washington’s entry into New York.—Washington resigns his commission as commander-in-chief.—Evacuation of America by the British.—Slaves under British protection.—The loyalists dissatisfied.—The anti-slavery struggle.—Meeting of Congress.—Financial arrangements.—Economical efforts.—Jefferson succeeds Franklin as ambassador to France.—Treaty with the Indians.—Kentucky and Tennessee.—Decimal coinage.—Taxation.—Large numbers of malcontents.—The Habeas Corpus act suspended.—Attempt to capture the arsenal at Springfield.—Reform of the government.—The Church of England in America.—Religious excitement in the States [215]–231
CHAPTER XV.
Formation of the Federal Constitution.
Meeting of the Convention.—Arduous debates.—The Constitution proposed.—Its provisions.—The various articles of the Constitution.—Washington elected President.—Amendments in the Constitution [232]–249
CHAPTER XV.
Emigration to the West.—Washington President.
Great accession of territory to the States from the treaty with the six Indian nations.—The Ohio company formed.—Kentucky applies to be admitted into the Union.—Ohio settlements.—The city of Marietta founded.—Washington county.—The Constitution adopted throughout the States.—Washington elected President.—His disinterestedness.—His mode of life.—The departments of foreign affairs, of the treasury, and of war, established.—The President’s tour through the States.—The session of 1790.—Discussion on the debt in Congress.—Rhode Island added to the Union.—The Indian chief, M‘Gillivray.—The act for the encouragement of learning.—The Indian war.—Disastrous defeat of St. Clair.—The city of Washington laid out [250]–265
CHAPTER XVII.
Washington’s Administration (continued.)
The French revolution and its influence.—Washington re-elected.—Genet, the minister of the French republic.—Sympathy in Philadelphia with the French republic.—Genet’s turbulent conduct.—Reaction.—General Wayne succeeds St. Clair.—Defeat of the Indians.—Treaty at Greenville.—Insurrection at Pennsylvania.—Disaffection and sedition checked by military force.—Act for the establishment of a navy.—Threatened rupture with Britain.—Unpopular treaty.—Treaties with Algiers and with Spain.—Petitions against the British treaty.—Washington’s firmness.—Monroe sent to France as ambassador.—Failure of his mission.—Washington’s farewell address [266]–280
CHAPTER XVIII.
The Administration of Adams and Jefferson.
Adams elected President and Jefferson Vice-President.—Prospect of war with France.—Attempt at conciliation.—French depredations and American reprisals.—Death of Washington.—Tokens of respect to his memory in America, France, and England.—Jefferson and Colonel Burr.—Second census of the United Slates.—Louisiana purchased.—The Illinois territory acquired.—War with Tripoli.—Burning of the “Philadelphia.”—Jefferson re-elected President, and Clinton Vice-President.—England assumes the right of search.—Engagement between the “Leopard” and the “Chesapeake.”—Bill of embargo passed by Congress.—Burr’s enterprise in the Western States.—His arrest.—He is accused of treason, and acquitted [281]–294
CHAPTER XIX.
James Madison’s Administration.—War with Great Britain.
Election of Madison.—Hostile attitude of England towards America.—Engagement between the “President” and the “Little Belt.”—The Indian chief Tecumseh.—Harrison’s victory over the Indians.—Preparations for war.—War with Britain proclaimed.—Proposed invasion of Canada.—Detroit surrendered.—General Hall arraigned and convicted of cowardice.—Battle of Queenstown.—Expedition against the Kickapoo Indians.—The “Guerrière” frigate taken by the “Constitution.”—Encounter between the “Wasp” and the “Frolic.”—The “Constitution” takes the “Java.”—Lord Castlereagh rejects the American proposals for peace.—Madison re-elected President.—Efforts of the Americans to establish a navy.—Combats on the lakes.—The “Chesapeake” taken by the “Shannon,” and the “Argus” by the “Pelican.”—Encounters on Lake Erie.—The Indian confederacy broken up.—Tecumseh slain [295]–309
CHAPTER XX.
Events of 1814, and Conclusion of the War.
General Brown advances into Canada.—Battle at Niagara Falls.—Defeat of the British at Plattsburgh.—Destruction of the city of Washington.—Enterprise of the British at Alexandria.—British expedition against New Orleans.—New-year’s day, 1815.—The British attack repulsed.—Arrival and ratification of a treaty of peace.—Expedition against the Algerines.—Second national bank established.—James Monroe elected President.—African colonisation society.—Great western canal.—Depredations of the Seminole and Creek Indians.—Debates on the slavery question.—Operations against the West Indian pirates.—Death of Adams and of Jefferson [310]–323
CHAPTER XXI.
The Events of Twenty Years.
Temperance societies formed.—Statistics of drunkenness.—Anti-Masonic societies founded.—Abduction of William Morgan, and consequent excitement.—General Jackson re-elected.—Renewed Indian hostilities.—The celebrated chief, “Black Hawk.”—His exploits; his capture.—The last days of “Black Hawk.”—Description of “Black Hawk.”—Growth of civilisation in the West.—The tariff bill passed.—Excitement caused by this measure.—Compromise bill introduced by Henry Clay.—Indian rebellion.—Injustice practised towards the tribes.—Osceola’s plan of revenge.—Massacre of Major Dade and his men.—Devastations.—Submission of the Indians.—Van Buren elected President.—End of the Seminole war.—Osceola’s imprisonment.—Harrison President.—State repudiation of debt.—Anti-rent disturbances.—Iowa and Florida received into the Union [324]–340
CHAPTER XXII.
Mexican War.—Annexation of Texas.—Vast Increase of Territory.—The Mormons.
First settlement of the whites in Texas.—Spanish population of Texas.—Restrictions on trade.—Texas in the early part of the present century.—Population in 1833.—Santa Anna and his operations.—Fortress of the Alamo taken.—Goliad taken.—Santa Anna captured.—Duplicity of Santa Anna.—Texas admitted into the Union.—The war with Mexico.—The treaty of 1846.—New Mexico.—Utah and California.—Puebla and the metropolis Mexico taken.—Orderly conduct of the victors.—Mexican ideas concerning the Americans.—Moral state of Mexico.—Treaty of peace.—Wisconsin admitted into the Union.—Mormonism.—The Great Salt Lake.—Joseph Smith the Mormon prophet.—His pretensions.—The Mormons establish themselves.—Murder of Smith and his brother.—Statistics of Mormonism.—Mormon government and morality.—Mormon journeys [341]–359
CHAPTER XXIII.
California.—Statistical Review of the United States.
Upper California discovered by Sir F. Drake.—Sebastian Viscaino.—Early Spanish settlement in California.—Humboldt’s statements concerning California.—Mrs. Willard’s account.—The United States’ exploring expedition under Fremont.—The gold discoveries and consequent emigration.—Sacramento city.—Californian Indians.—The cholera.—Distress and famine among the Californian emigrants.—State organisation of California.—Convention at Monterey.—Signing of the convention.—California sends members to Congress.—California admitted into the Union.—Considerations on the United States.—Education.—Manufactures.—Railroads.—The electric telegraph.—Cotton and woollen manufactures.—Printing operations.—Journals.—Typefounding.—Boot and shoe manufactures.—Iron foundries.—Art-education.—Commercial advantages of the American States [360]–387

ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOL. II

PAGE
Washington resigning his Commission as Commander-in-Chief[frontispiece]
Death of General Wolfeto face[30]
Stamp Act Riots„   [39]
Throwing the Taxed Tea into Boston Harbour„   [52]
General Burgoyne and the Indians„   [95]
Washington’s Reception at New York„   [219]
Washington taking Leave of the Army„   [220]
Tomb of Washington„   [283]

A POPULAR