[39]. France, Norway, Switzerland. In Norway it is said that more then three-quarters of the cases which come before the conciliation courts are settled without law suits.
[40]. “Experiences in Coöperative Competition,” by W. V. Spaulding.
[41]. The great value of Robert Valentine’s work consisted in his recognition of this fact.
[42]. I am speaking in general. It is true that the history of cases settled by arbitration reveals many in which the “umpire” has insisted that negotiations continue until the real coincident interest of both sides should be discovered.
[43]. It has long been known in England and America but recently it has been spreading rapidly.
[44]. Recently abandoned.
[45]. The three firms which have carried co-management furthest are the Printz-Biederman Co. of Cleveland, the Wm. Filene’s Sons Co. of Boston and the U. S. Cartridge Co. of Lowell. See Report of Committee on Vocational Guidance, Fourth Annual Convention of National Association of Corporation Schools, by Henry C. Metcalf.
[46]. We have a number of minor instances of the recognition of the group principle in industry. An interesting example is the shop piece-work in the Cadbury works, where the wages are calculated on the output of a whole work-room, and thus every one in the room has to suffer for the laziness of one. (See “Experiments in Industrial Organization,” by Edward Cadbury.)
[47]. I have not spoken of the coöperative buying and selling movement because by the name alone it is obvious how well it illustrates my point, and also because it is so well known to every one.
Another evidence of the spreading of the community idea is the wide acceptance of the right of the community to value created by the community.