[161]. In Dan. x. 13-20 angels, or “princes,” are the patrons of the various nations, as also in the Testaments of the Patr. (Test. Naph. 9). That fact of itself indicates a belief in the reality of the divine protectors of the heathen nations. And the “devils,” שדים (Deut. xxxii. 17), and שעירים (Lev. xvii. 7), are very likely the local gods.
[162]. Philo, De Specialibus Legibus, ch. 7.
[163]. We have already noted the ancient prophecy cited in Is. ii. 4 and Micah iv. 1. The fullest statement of this universalist aspiration is in Malachi i. 11, and i. 14.
Chapter XII
THE OPPOSITION
[164]. The Messenians also expelled the Epicureans (Athen. xii. 547), and Antiochus (VI) Dionysius, or rather Tryphon in his name, expelled all philosophers from Antioch and all Syria (Athen. ibid.). The latter document has been questioned by Radermacher, Rh. Mus. N. F. lvi. (1901), 202, but on insufficient grounds. It is probably genuine, but the king referred to is uncertain. It will be remembered that the Epicurean Philonides claimed to have converted Epiphanes and to have been a favorite of Demetrius (Crönert, Stzb. Berl. (1900), 943, and Usener Rh. Mus. N. F. lvi. (1901), 145 seq.) Alexander Balas professed Stoicism.
[165]. Josephus, Ant. XVIII. ix.
[166]. Dio Cassius, lviii. 32; Ens. Chron. ii. 164. The account in its details is not free from doubt.
[167]. Josephus, Ant. XIV. x.
[168]. Senatusconsultum de Bacch. C. I. L. i. 43, n. 196. Bruns Fontes, n. 35, ll. 14-16.
[169]. Cf. the instances cited in Cumont, Les rel. or. dans le pag. rom., p. 122, and the articles on Isis in the Pauly-Wissowa Realenzykl, the Dar.-Saglio Dict., and Roscher’s Lexikon.