[308] Edmund R. Clay, L’Alternative. Contribution à la Psychologie. Traduit de l’anglais par A. Burdeau; Paris, 1886, p. 234: ‘Sympathy is an emotion caused in us by that which seems to us to be the emotion or the sensation of others.’
[309] Helmholtz, Die Lehre von den Tonemfindungen. 4 Aufl. Braunschweig, 1877.
[310] Pietro Blaserna, Le Son et la Musique, followed by Causes physiologiques de l’Harmonie musicale, par H. Helmholtz. 4e édition. Paris, 1891.
[311] E. Brücke, Bruchstücke aus der Theorie der bildenden Künste. Leipzig, Intern. wissensch. Bibl. (The French edition of Brücke’s works contains also Helmholtz’s L’Optique et la Peinture.)
[312] Henry Joly, Les Lectures dans les Prisons de la Seine. Lyon, 1891. See also Lombroso, L’Uomo delinquente. Turin, 1884, p. 366 et seq., and p. 387 et seq.
[313] Pitrè, Sui Canti popolari italiani in Carcere. Firenze, 1876. See also the portrait-group of the three brigands of Ravenna in Lombroso, op. cit., Plate XV., facing p. 396.
[314] Raskolnikow, Roman von F. M. Dostojewskij, Nach der vierten Auflage des russichen Originals; Prestuplenie i Nakazanie, übersetzt von Wilhelm Henckel. Leipzig, 1882, Band I., pp. 122-128.
[315] The knowledge of this fact is as old as æsthetic science itself. It is well expressed, as by others, so by Dr. Wilh. Alex. Freund, in his Blicken ins Culturleben; Breslau, 1879, p. 9: ‘Idealization consists ... in the removal of accidental accessories disturbing the true expression of the essential;’ p. 11: ‘All [eminent artists] raise that which they see to a purified image, purged of all that is unessential, accidental, disturbing; from that image springs up in all of them the idea lying at the base of the vision;’ p. 13: ‘He [the artist] comprehends the essential ... from which the accidental disturbing accessories of the external phenomenon fall off like withered leaves, so that to his inner eye the truth appears as a living idea,’ etc.
[316] See foot-note to p. 38.
[317] Wilhelm Loewenthal makes the feeling and need of religion spring from the same presentient emotion. For the author of Grundzüge einer Hygiene des Unterrichts, religion is the form assumed in man’s consciousness by the ideal, i.e., the presentient knowledge of the aim of evolution. ‘The instinct of development—the indispensable base of all life and all knowledge—is identical with the religious need.’ Thus he writes in a memoir, unfortunately only ‘printed as a manuscript,’ but most worthy of being made accessible to all the world.