[358] Auguste Ehrhard, op. cit., p. 120: ‘With admirable frankness Ibsen, in his latest works, points out the abuse which may be made of his ideas [!]. He counsels reformers to extreme prudence, if not to silence. As for himself, he ceases to excite the multitude to the pursuit of moral and social progress [!]; he entrenches himself in his disdainful pessimism, and in aristocratic solitude enjoys the serene vision of future ages.’
[359] Henrik Jaeger, Henrik Ibsen og haus Vaerker. En Fremstilling i Grundrids. Christiania, 1892, passim.
[360] G. R. S. Mead, Simon Magus. London, 1892.
[361] Ehrhard, op. cit., p. 94.
[362] W. Roux, Ueber den Kampf der Theile des Organismus. Leipzig, 1881. Since the appearance of Roux’s work, the theory of phagocytose, or the digestion of weaker cells by the stronger, has been considerably extended. This, however, is not the place to cite the numerous communications bearing on this subject which have appeared in the Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, in Virchow’s Archiv, in the Biologische Centralblatt, in the Zoologische Jahrbücher, etc.
[363] Jacoby, La Folie de Césars. Paris, 1880.
[364] Alfred Binet, Les Altérations de la Personnalité, Paris, 1892, p. 23, communicates the case (observed by Bourru and Burot, and often cited) of Louis B., who united in himself six different personalities—six ‘I’s’ having not the slightest knowledge of each other, each possessing another character, another memory, other peculiarities of feeling and movement, etc.
[365] ‘Suicidal’ is here not a mere rhetorical expression. If the tyrannical power of instinct always ends by leading the individual in the long-run to his destruction, it sometimes does this directly. Instinct, namely, may have for its direct object suicide or self-mutilation; and the ‘free’ man obeying his instinct has then the ‘liberty’ of mutilating or killing himself, although that so little tallies with his real wish that he seeks in others a protection from himself. See Dr. R. von Krafft-Ebing, Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen Psychopathologie. Dritte umgearbeitete Auflage. Stuttgart, 1892, p. 311.
[366] Herbert Spencer, The Individual versus the State. London, 1884.
[367] Dr. Ph. Boileau de Castelnau, ‘Misopédie ou Lésion de l’Amour de la Progeniture’ (Annales médico-psychologiques, 3e série, 7e volume, p. 553). In this work the author communicates twelve observations, in which the natural feeling of the mother for her children was transformed by disease into hatred.