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| Introduction. |
| Course of our Civilisation over the World.—Oriental Civilisation, European Civilisation.—Their approaching Contact.—The Arabians stand between them.—Movement of European Civilisation towards the East.—Two Routes to the East.—The Three European Types.—Latin Europe, Teutonic Europe, Sclavonic Europe.—Mixed Character of France and Austria.—The part to be played by France | [9] |
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| I. | The Railroad from London to Paris. |
| Analogy between certain Political and Voltaic Phenomena.—France and England.—In what we should imitate the English.—Railroads.—Objects of a Journey in England.—The Feudal Castle of Heidelberg and the London Brewery | [19] |
| II. | Liverpool and Manchester Railroad. |
| Impressions of the Railroad.—Railroads in France.—Steam Carriages will not interfere with Railroads.—Analogy between the present Condition of France and the State of England after the Expulsion of the Stuarts.—Religion in Liverpool | [29] |
| III. | War of the President of the United States upon the Bank. |
| State of the Question.—History of Banks in the United States.—Creation of the Bank of the United States in 1816; it restored order in the finances of the country.—Causes of the Antipathy of the Body of the People against Banks.—Benefits which all Classes have derived from Banks.—Commercial Crisis | [37] |
| IV. | The Democracy.—The Bank. |
| Democratic Movements in France.—Less Influence than in the United States.—Errors of the Local Banks.—Their Dividends.—Wisdom of the Bank of the United States.—Political Dangers of the great National Bank.—Services rendered by it.—The President's Accusations against the Bank.—The Multitude applauds | [46] |
| V. | Movement of Parties.—Bank Question. |
| Industrial Crisis.—Backstairs Influence in Monarchies and Republics.—Party Demonstrations.—Imperfection of the Banking System.—Excess of Paper Money.—Modification of the Bank Charter.—Good Sense of the American Democracy.—How great Questions are settled in the United States | [55] |
| VI. | Progress of the Struggle.—New Powers. |
| Length of the Debates in Congress.—The Bank must withdraw.—Old Dignities and old Politics.—New Dignities and new Politics.—New Power of Industry | [69] |
| VII. | Railroads in the United States. |
| Rage of the Americans for Railroads.—Universal Use of Railroads.—Glance at Railroads in the United States | [80] |
| VIII. | The Banks.—Preservation of the Union. |
| Truce between the Parties.—Possibility of a Compromise.—The Democracy must prevail.—The Bond of Union grows weaker.—Probability of the Preservation of the Union.—Changes which it may undergo.—The three Sections, North, South, and West | [87] |
| IX. | The First People in the World. |
| Pretensions of every Nation to Superiority.—Pretensions of the Americans.—The Superiority passes from People to People.—New Peoples.—Russia and the United States.—English Opinions of the United States.—The Social System in the United States superior in respect to the Condition of the Labouring Classes | [100] |
| X. | The Yankee and the Virginian. |
| Course of Emigration toward the West—Two great Columns of Emigrants.—Character of each.—Share of Europe.—Virginian Type.—Yankee Type.—Yankee Predominance in the last half Century.—The Virginian may in turn get the upper Hand.—Advantages of the Contrast of Character.—Two Types in History.—Nations of three Types.—Excess of Unity in France | [109] |
| XI. | The City of Lowell. |
| Losses of the Jackson Party.—Aspect of Lowell.—Rise of American Manufactures.—Founding of Lowell.—Lowell Railroad.—Influence of Manufactures on the Happiness and Morality of the People | [125] |
| XII. | Factory Girls of Lowell. |
| Results of Machinery.—The Locomotive Engine.—Wages in Lowell.—Factory Girls.—American Manners.—Measures of the Manufacturing Companies to preserve Good Morals in Lowell.—French Manners.—Will Good Morals last at Lowell?—Moral and Political Influence of the Public Lands. | [133] |
| XIII. | The Bank.—Slavery. |
| Preparations for the Elections.—Bank Question.—Slavery gives the Means of saving the Bank.—States' Rights Party.—Concessions of the North in regard to Slavery. | [145] |
| XIV. | The Elections. |
| The Jackson Party repairing its Losses.—Decisive Results in New York.—New Acts of Hostility against the Bank.—Hatred of Monied Men on both sides of the Atlantic. | [157] |
| XV. | Pittsburg. |
| French Settlement of Pittsburg.—Aspect of Pittsburg.—Its Manufactures.—Rise and Growth of Towns in the United States.—Triple Symbol of the Church, of Schools and the Press, and of the Bank. | [166] |
| XVI. | General Jackson. |
| Revolution effected by the General.—His Military Success.—His Character.—His bold Tactics.—His Embarrassments. | [176] |
| XVII. | Public Opinion. |
| Public Opinion in America very different from Public Opinion in Europe.—Government of the Democracy.—The Senate. | [185] |
| XVIII. | Cincinnati. |
| Situation and Aspect—Manufactories.—Slaughtering of Hogs.—Water Works.—General Harrison.—Dependent Condition of the Public Officers. | [190] |
| XIX. | Cincinnati. |
| Industry of the Inhabitants.—Industrial Feudalism.—Patronage.—Absence of Idlers.—Rigourous Supervision kept up over them in the whole Country.—Why the Americans do not please certain European Travellers.—Gratitude which Posterity will feel for them. | [200] |
| XX. | Western Steamboats. |
| Influence of Means of Communication on Civilisation and Liberty.—State of the West before the Introduction of Steamboats.—Introduction of Steamboats.—Description.—Passengers.—Life aboard.—Accidents; little Attention which they attract.—Real Rulers in the West.—Importance of the West. | [209] |
| XXI. | Intercommunication. |
| Hydrographical, Political, and Commercial Divisions of the Union.—Systems of Public Works resulting therefrom.—Lines extending from East to West.—Erie Canal, Pennsylvania Canal, &c.—Communications between the St. Lawrence and Mississippi Basins.—Ohio Canal and others.—Improvements in the Navigation of both Rivers.—Communication along the Atlantic Coast.—Coasting Trade.—Lines of Railroads and Steamboats.—Routes radiating from the Capitals.—Works around Coal Mines.—Miscellaneous Works.—National Road.—Character of the Public Works in the United Slates.—American Engineers.—The Public Works strengthen the Union.—Necessity of the European Governments executing similar Works. | [227] |
| XXII. | Labour. |
| French Essays in planting Colonies in America.—The English Colonial System.—American Society organised for Work.—Haste.—Organisation of Labour peculiar to America.—Organisation proper for France.—Canada.—Algiers. | [276] |
| XXIII. | Money. |
| Money among the English and Americans.—System of Honour.—Its present Impracticability in France.—Pay for Public Services.—Gratuitous Services in France.—Condition of Public Functionaries in the United States.—Influence of the Progress of Manufactures on the Pay of Public Officers.—No Marriages for Money in the United States.—No Misers. | [292] |
| XXIV. | Speculations. |
| Speculation in Land, in Railroads, and in Banks.—Speculation necessary to the Americans.—Unsettled Condition of every thing in the United States.—Trades' Unions.—Inconveniencies of the Excess of the Innovating Power. | [305] |
| XXV. | Bedford Springs. |
| Exclusiveness.—Religious Festivals formerly Democratic Festivals.—Political Processions.—Camp Meetings.—Women in Camp Meetings; and in the Roman Catholic Festivals.—Suppression of the popular Festivals in Europe.—Influence of the Philosophy of the XVIIIth century on the Imagination.—Struggle between the Young, Middle-Aged, and Old in France.—Pleasures of the Imagination in England and the United States. | [315] |
| XXVI. | Power and Liberty. |
| Situation and Character of Richmond.—Slavery.—Richmond Flour.—Inspection Laws.—American Liberty is Liberty of Industry and Locomotion.—Few Restrictions upon the Interior Trade.—Old Restrictions upon French Commerce.—Decline of the Foreign Commerce of France.—Twofold Authority in the United States.—Ancient Authority, Cæsar.—Duties imposed by Self-Government.—The Authority of Cæsar could be destroyed in the United States, but not in Europe.—New Authority by the side of Cæsar.—Canal, School, and Bank Commissioners; their Powers.—How Industry may flourish in Europe by the side of Cæsar.—Of American Liberty.—The Liberty of the Yankee would be intolerable to a Frenchman.—Liberty of the Virginian more like our own.—Mixture of the two Liberties. | [325] |
| XXVII. | Progress of Society. |
| Universal Appearance of Comfort in the American Population.—Effect upon the Condition of Women.—State of the Blacks in the United States.—Diminution of Taxes considered as a Measure of Relief for the poorer Classes.—The encouragement of Industry a more effectual Relief.—American Prosperity the Fruit of Labour.—Means of giving Activity to Industry in France.—1. Industrial Education.—2. The bad State of Credit in France paralyses the Spirit of Enterprise.—Banking Institutions suited to France.—3. Credit must be made accessible to the Cultivator.—Saving effected by an improved System of Credit.—4. Means of Internal Communication.—Influence of a Credit System on the Means of Communication.—Diminution of Price caused by Facility of Carriage.—5. Legislative Reforms.—The Civil Code too closely modelled on the Roman Law; its Defects in regard to Industry.—The Laws in the United States.—Jury Trials in Civil Causes. | [341] |
| XXVIII. | Social Reform. |
| Moral Obstacles to the Emancipation of the Blacks in the United States.—Exclusive Spirit of the English Race.—The Yankees are new Jews.—The Difficulty in the Way of the Emancipation of the Labouring Class in Europe also of a Moral Kind.—Insufficiency of Philanthropy and Philosophy.—Necessity of Religion.—Inaction of the Religious Authority in Europe.—Religion has effected the Elevation of the lower Classes in the United States.—Influence of Political Institutions on the Social Reform.—Connection between the Religion and the Political Condition of Nations.—Protestantism is Republican; Catholicism Monarchical.—The Growth of Liberty depends on the Development of Local and Municipal Institutions.—The Spirit of Association and the Spirit of Division.—The Principles of Unity and Association must prevail in France. | [360] |
| XXIX. | The Empire State. |
| Tendency to Centralisation in the State of New York; in the School System; in the Banking-System; in the System of Public Works.—Results of Public Works.—Charters of Canal and Railroad Companies.—Influence of the Example of New York.—Modern Nations cannot dispense with the Action of Authority.—Religion cannot fully take the place of Political Authority.—Authority must change its Attributes.—Banks, Means of Communication, and Schools are the Instruments of Government, which must, in part, take the Place of the Ancient Attributes of Authority.—Inviolability of the Individual.—Favourable Disposition of the Public Mind. | [370] |
| XXX. | Symptoms of a Revolution. |
| Riots and Outrages Committed.—Decrease of Respect for the Laws.—Wrongs of Popular Justice.—Havoc committed in Baltimore—Neglect of great Principles.—Diminution of Civil Courage.—Dependent State of the Press.—Want of restraining Power.—Industrial Superiority and Political Inferiority of the present Generation in the United States.—Probable Issue of the Crisis. | [385] |
| XXXI. | The Middle Classes. |
| Elements of French Society.—Remnants of the Aristocracy.—Active Portion of the Middle Class; Idle Portion.—Labourers and Peasants.—Elements of American Society.—Middle Class and Democracy.—Difference between the North and the South.—Disappearance of an Idle Class in America.—The Idle Part of the Middle Class must disappear in Europe.—There is no Reason for its Existence.—It has no Office.—Advantages resulting from its being merged in the Active Portion of the Class. | [396] |
| XXXII. | Aristocracy. |
| Authority is yet to organise itself in the United States.—Authority is founded upon Centralisation and Distinction of Ranks.—Present Character of Authority in America.—Representative Government, become the Government of the Majority, tends to Tyranny.—Difference between the South and the North.—Aristocracy of Birth; Aristocracy of Talents.—Both co-existed in Ancient Society.—Forms of Aristocracy among the Romans and the Greeks.—Vigourous Organisation of the Feudal Aristocracy.—Violent Reaction against the Nobility.—Christianity has contributed to this Reaction.—The Feudal System fixed the Barbarians.—Primogeniture in the English Commons.—Advantages of a Hereditary Aristocracy.—Growth of the Sentiment of Family.—Necessity of balancing the Innovating and the Conservative Elements of Society.—How Stability has been secured without the Hereditary Principle.—Difficulty in the Way of the immediate Abolition of the Hereditary Aristocracy in Europe.—The absolute Hereditary Principle has been irretrievably weakened.—Hereditary Transmission of Office.—Where can the Elements of an Aristocracy in France be found?—How can an Aristocracy be established in the United States?—Germs of Aristocracy in the South.—Dangers of American Society. | [405] |
| XXXIII. | Democracy. |
| Burden of the Past on the old Societies.—Difficulty of Reforms in old Countries.—Facility of Innovation in new Countries.—Advantages possessed by the Anglo-Americans for making Social Experiments.—The American Labourer is initiated.—Absence of the Profanum Vulgus in the United States.—The Labouring Classes in the United States are superior to those of other Countries.—Defects of the American Democracy.—Analogy to the Romans.—Superiority of the Educated Classes in Europe.—The respective Merits, present and future, of America and Europe. | [422] |