General Washington's spies on Long Island and in New York

by Morton Pennypacker

[71] Drowned Meadow is now called Port Jefferson, L. I.

[72] This letter says the captain was killed and only three or four of his 21 men wounded, while Coll. Tallmadge’s Memoirs, p. 75 says: “Nearly every man on board was either killed or wounded.” The fact that his memoirs were written fifty years after the event may account for this.

INDEX

• Acker, Benjamin, [154]
• Almy, Deborah, [102]
• America shall be Mother of Nations, [104]
• Anderson, James, [117], written James instead of John, [117]
• Anderson, John, [117], [167]
• André, Maj. John, vi, [113], [114];
• hides doughnuts, [114];
• hanged, Oct. 2, 1780, [118], [123], [124];
• letter to Simcoe, [124];
• gets code letter, [126];
• planned capture of Gen. Washington, [136];
• returned to New York, [141];
• his letter to Clinton, [142];
• letter to Arnold, Sept 21, 1780, [143];
• mentioned, [186]
• Arbuthnot, Admiral Marriott, [55], [85], [152], [202], [267];
• off Sandy Hook, [278]
• Archdale, Capt., [96]
• Archibald, Capt., [141]
• Army’s situation, Feb. 1781, [272]
• Arnold, Benedict, [118], [144], [167], [177], [195], [195], [220], [223];
• writes Tallmadge, [116];
• influenced by British spies, [120];
• treason carefully planned, [120];
• asks Washington for real names of Culpers, [121];
• letter to Gen. Howe, [121];
• reply to Robert Howe, [123];
• began plotting in 1779, [125];
• writes code letter to André signed J. Moore, [126];
• wants Sheldon’s help, [128];
• sends Sheldon barrel of Rum, [128];
• letter to André signed Gustavus, [130];
• writes Sheldon and desires a meeting, [132];
• reply to Sheldon, Sept. 10, 1780, [132];
• starts to meet André, [135];
• writes to Tallmadge, [137];
• uneasy, [137];
• addresses Anderson, Sept. 15, 1780, [137];
• letter to Beverly Robinson, Sept. 18, 1780, [139];
• tried to obtain names of those helping Washington, [171];
• life at West Point, [171];
• flight, Sept. 25, 1780, [175];
• sketch, [181];
• invites Major Tallmadge to become a traitor, [196];
• success in Virginia, [272]
• Arnold, Benedict, Jr., [182]
• Arnold, Benedict, Sr., [181]
• Arnold, Betty, [182]
• Arnold, Edward, [177]
• Arnold, Elizabeth, [182]
• Arnold, Hannah, [182]
• Arnold, Henry, [182]
• Arnold, Mrs., [172], [176], [182]
• Arnold, Richard, [182]
• Arthur, Jesse, Block house on his farm, [194]
• Bad money returned to Washington, [270]
• Bancroft’s comment, [162]
• Barton, Gen., [236]
• Battery, guns mounted, [255];
• mounts 42 pieces, [267];
• refitting fortifications at, [250];
• work at the, [57]
• Battle of Bunker Hill. Simcoe in Boston, [123]
• Battle of Long Island, described by eyewitness, [233]
• Bay of Fundy, [206]
• Bayard’s Hill, [64]
• Bayles, John, headquarters, [70]
• Bayside, L. I., [10]
• Beacons and signals on L. I., [84]
• Bedford, L. I., [56]
• Bedford, Westchester Co., [33], [66]
• Benson, Lieut. Colonel, [175]
• Bergen County, [246]
• Birch, Col., appointed commandant of New York, [96];
• at Setauket, [95];
• at Southampton, [236]
• Birdsall, Benjamin, [8]
• Birdsall, Margaret, [8]
• Black Rock, [284];
• Brewster’s Farm at, [287]
• Black Rock Harbor, [287]
• Block Island, [202]
• Board in New York is £3 per week, [37], [238]
• Boatman forbid to cross, [99]
• Bolton, John. See [Tallmadge, Major Ben]j., [11], [60], [83]
• Bown, Robert, of Shrewsbury, [273]
• Bowne, D., [10]
• Bowne, Hannah, [268]
• Bowne, John, of Flushing, [268]
• Bowne, Samuel, of Flushing, [268]
• Boyd, Ebenezer, relates the event, [155]
• Branch, troops there, [93]
• Brewster, Benjamin, [285]
• Brewster, Caleb, Letters:
• Feb. 26, 1779, [38];
• Aug. 18, 1780, [91];
• Aug. 21, 1780, [92];
• Aug. 27, 1780, [93];
• Nov. 13, 1780, [191];
• Feb. 14, 1781, [197], [273];
• Advised of necessary steps for safety, [254];
• attacked by Glover and Hoyght, [91];
• Boat fight, [286];
• captures another boat, [197];
• carries important message, [116];
• finds British works at Canoe Place, [38];
• finds Erskine at Southampton with 2500, [37];
• finds three redoubts at South and East Hampton, [37];
• makes post at Fairfield, [33];
• finds it necessary to kill a man, [91];
• took a prize, [191];
• takes 8 prisoners, [273];
• mentioned, [11], [14], [16], [31], [33], [81], [94], [116], [190], [191], [267], [283], [288];
• Sketch, [284]
• Brewster, Daniel, [285]
• Brewster, Hannah, [16]
• Brewster, Jonathan, [285]
• Brewster, Rev. Nathaniel, [285]
• Brewster, Sturges, [288]
• Brewster, William, of Plymouth, [285]
• British Boats mentioned by name:
• Amphitrite, [87];
• America, [87];
• Ardent, [40], [258];
• Argo, [224];
• Bedford, [87], [235];
• Camilla, [87];
• Centurian, [280];
• Colloden, [87];
• Confederacy, [278];
• Daphne, [52], [248], [250], [258];
• Defiance, [63], [263];
• Delaware, [52], [237], [244], [248];
• Europa, [55], [57], [63], [87], [258], [263];
• Experiment, [56];
• Fox, [287];
• Grand Duke, [85];
• Greyhound, [53], [249];
• Halifax, [38];
• Hunter, [63];
• LeBlond, [53];
• Loyalist, [73];
• London, [87];
• Lioness, [264];
• Lord Townsend, [237];
• Lion, [280];
• Oliver Cromwell, [73];
• Perseus, [263];
• Prudent, [87];
• Rainbow, [40], [249], [258];
• Raisonable, [53], [63], [243], [249], [263];
• Renown, [57], [63], [250], [263], [267];
• Richmond, [235];
• Rising Sun, [87];
• Romulus, [40], [48], [52], [248], [249], [263];
• Roebuck, [63], [235], [263];
• Robuste, [64], [87], [263];
• Rose, [41];
• Royal Oak, [87];
• Russel, [55], [57], [63], [263];
• Scorpion, [38], [86];
• Shrewsbury, [87];
• Solebay, [64], [264];
• Swan, [87];
• Towey, [64];
• Vulture, [139], [141], [148], [151], [152], [179]
• British Fleet has sailed from Gardiner’s Bay, [94]
• Brookhaven, L. I., [16], [31], [239]
• Brooklyn, Large Fort at, [57];
• work on the fort at, [58];
• carrying forage to, [257]
• Brooklyn Ferry, [10], [35], [55], [236];
• British carrying hay to, [66];
• teams from Queens Co. ordered to, [264]
• Brown at Bergen in provost on suspicion, [240]
• Brown, Monfort, [69]
• Brown, Philip, [86]
• Brush, Major, [198], [245], [274]
• Buchanan, Thos. & Co., [8]
• Bunker Hill, Repairing Fort on, [57]
• Burgoyne, General, [171], [211], [235]
• Burr, Aaron, defends E. Dayton, [254]
• Burroughs, Major. His testimony regarding André, [153]
• Bushwick, Hessians at, [74]
• Buskearks Regiment, [236]
• Bute, Lord, [53]
• By all means be upon your guard, [90]
• Byron, Admiral, [48], [235], [256]
• Colquhoun, Joseph, his narrative, [145];
• continues narrative, [151]
• Campball, Brig. Gen., [235]
• Canada, [75]
• Canoe Place, [37]
• Carleton’s Aides, [206]
• Carleton, called a tyrant, [204], [280]
• Carleton’s finger will be heavier than Clinton’s thigh, [280]
• Carolina, [46], [53], [267]
• Cattle come from Connecticut and East Jersey, [264]
• Cathcart, Lord, at Southampton, [236]
• Catholics, Scotch Roman, [248]
• Cedar Swamp, [188]
• Charleston is fixed on, [261];
• troops destined for, [262];
• Fleet going to, [206];
• British sail for, [263];
• Capitulation of, [9];
• troops expected at New York, [280];
• mentioned, [265]
• Clarke, George, [102]
• Clarke, John, [95]
• Clinton, Gen. George, [8], [155]
• Clinton, Governor, [67], [163]
• Clinton, Sir Henry, [53], [65], [73], [91], [125], [179], [186], [186], [188], [198], [211], [213], [237], [244], [262], [263], [264], [267];
• at Oyster Bay, [68];
• among the carpenters, [137];
• between Whitestone and Jamaica, [90];
• His apology, [85];
• gone to New York, [94];
• £400 raised for, [65];
• with 240 horse escorted through Setauket, [91];
• misguided and bewildered by Washington, [213];
• informs Burgoyne that there will be no British Army to meet him at Albany, [215];
• orders all fields of wheat burned, [244];
• dissatisfied with Arnold, [272]
• Clove or Ramapo Pass, [214]
• Cobble Hill, [57]
• Code, first that Culpers used, [41];
• Codes, [209];
• code Culpers used, [218];
• code messages, [252]
• Coffee House, [12]
• Colden, Cadwalader. His daughter Mrs. Elizabeth DeLancey, [165]
• Coles, John Butler, [8]
• Coles, Rebecca, [103]
• Collier, Sir George, [40], [53], [56]
• Collin, Sir George, [258]
• Colonel Hay’s landing place, [147]
• Colquhoun, Samuel, [144]
• Columbian Centinal article by Washington, [212]
• Conklin, Capt. Cornelius, [178], [245], [274];
• captured, [195]
• Connecticut, [247]
• Cooley, William, confirms Jameson’s statement, [154]
• Cooper, James Fenimore, “The Spy”, v, [44], [113]
• Coram, British troops there, [89], [93];
• mentioned, [195], [286];
• forage at, [191]
• Cork fleet is expected, [188]
• Cork fleet arrived at the Hook, [202]
• Cornwallis, Charles, Lord, to take troops, [68];
• mentioned, [53], [187], [188], [263]
• Cortlandts Manor, [81]
• Council of Appointment, [4]
• Counterfeit money, [95];
• to pay taxes with, [266]
• Counterpart of the Stain, [264]
• Cow Bay, [221]
• Cow Neck, [100]
• Cowneck Point, [86]
• Crane’s Island, [151]
• Crompound, [155]
• Crom’s Island, [151]
• Crosby, Enoch, v
• Croton, Paulding captured at, [167]
• Cruger, Nicholas, beats James Rivington, [7]
• Culper Junior, mentioned, [1], [4], [45], [88], [101], [112], [117], [184];
• again engaged, [90];
• again in New York, [198];
• back in New York, [275];
• makes special visit to Senior, [276];
• his British uniform, [204];
• note addressed to Floyd, [82];
• Culper’s reports, [3];
• meets with Woodhull without attracting suspicion, [8];
• almost betrayed, [198];
• Letters: June 29, 1779, [45], [247];
• July 15, 1779, [50] and [248];
• July 29, 1779, [52];
• Aug. 6, 1779, [54] and [249];
• Sept. 11, 1779, [55];
• Sept. 29, 1779, [254];
• Oct. 9, 1779, [255];
• Nov. 3, 1779, [68];
• Nov. 27, 1779, [71], [224];
• Dec. 27, 1779, [7], [263];
• July 20, 1780, [82];
• Aug. 23, 1780, [267];
• Oct. 20, 1780, [186];
• May 5, 1782, [203];
• Sept. 19, 1782, [206]
• Culper Senior, [2];
• First Judge of Suffolk Co., [3];
• trusts Washington will overlook imperfections, [39];
• says “be everywhere upon your guard”, [40];
• pleased with curious ink, [42];
• robbed, [43];
• searched and robbed, [62];
• agrees to advance Washington the money needed for the secret service work, [199];
• examined at Brooklyn Ferry, [201];
• fears handwriting may betray him, [244];
• to see Junior 12 miles from Setauket, [259];
• meets British force under Col. Burch, [259];
• says “not the breadth of your hand between me and death”, [260];
• Col. Floyd, [260];
• would kill Simcoe, [262];
• Letters:
• Oct. 31, 1778, [32];
• Nov. 23, 1778, [34];
• Feb. 26, 1779, [37];
• Apl. 10, 1779, [39];
• Apl. 12, 1779, [41];
• Apl. 29, 1779, [43];
• June 5, 1779, [43] and [241];
• June 20, 1779, [44];
• June 30, 1779, [45];
• July 9, 1779, [47];
• July 15, 1779, [50];
• Aug. 12, 1779, [54], [251];
• Aug. 15, 1779, [55], [252];
• Sept. 19, 1779, [62], [253];
• Oct 10, 1779, [62];
• Oct. 26, 1779, [65], [257];
• Oct. 29, 1779, [65];
• Nov. 5, 1779, [69];
• Nov. 13, 1779, [70], [259];
• Nov. 29, 1779, [71];
• Dec. 12, 1779, [72], [262];
• Feb. 27, 1780, [73];
• Mar. 13, 1780, [74], [264];
• April 18, 1780, [75];
• April 23, 1780, [75];
• May 4, 1780, [77];
• June 10, 1780, [79];
• July 20, 1780, two, one to Washington and one to Caleb Brewster, [83];
• Aug. 6, 1780, [88];
• Aug. 16, 1780, [90];
• Sept. 1, 1780, [94];
• Sept. 5, 1780, [95];
• Sept. 12, 1780, [96];
• Sept. 18, 1780, [99];
• Aug. 27, 1780, [266];
• Oct. 14, 1780, [187], [270];
• Oct. 26, 1780, [187];
• Nov. 12, 1780, [189];
• Sept. 27, 1780, [194];
• Oct. 8, 1780, [194];
• Nov. 28, 1780, [271];
• Dec. 24, 1780, [195];
• Feb. 8, 1781, [197], [272];
• Mar. 18, 1781, [198], [275];
• April 23, 1781, [198], [275];
• May 8, 1781, [201], [276];
• May 19, 1781, [201];
• May 27, 1781, [202], [277];
• June 4, 1781, [202], [278];
• June 27, 1781, [202];
• July 5, 1782, [204], [279];
• July 5, 1783, [207]
• Cunningham, William, [165]
• Custis, G. W. P. wrote: “the gold paid for the secret service was of inestimable value”, [16]
• Danbury, [37]
• Danes, ship belonging to, [190]
• Danolson, Fade, [66]
• Darby, Admiral, [272]
• Davidson, Capt. William, [280]
• Dayton, Ebenezer, ducked at East Hampton, [254]
• Dean, Capt., [225]
• Deane, Mr., [43]
• Deane, Silas, [51]
• Deceptive letters, [213]
• DeLancey’s brigade at Lloyd’s Neck, [250]
• DeLancey, Brigr. Gen., [86]
• DeLancey, James and the Cow Boys, [160];
• attempt to capture, [164]
• DeLancey, John Peter, who married Elizabeth Floyd, [165]
• DeLancey, Mrs. Elizabeth, [165]
• DeLancey, [236], and Mr. McAdams would sell their estates, [239]
• DeLancey, Major, [220], [221]
• DeLancey, Nancy, [165]
• DeLancey, Ol., [85] ([footnote 22])
• DeLancey resides at Jamaica, [250]
• Delavan, Capt., [157]
• Delaware Bay, [249]
• Dennis, Capt., [287]
• DeRiedesel, [224]
• D’Estaing, [235], [261];
• expected, [255];
• reported in Delaware Bay, [257]
• DeWurmb, [220]
• Dictionary, [54]
• Diehl, Daniel, [78]
• Digby, protection from, [284]
• Dobbs’ Ferry, [135], [137]
• Dragoons posted 15 miles apart, [11], [88]
• Dragoons, 17th Regiment of, [94];
• at Musqueto Cove, [188];
• at Hempstead, [190], [256]
• Drake, Colonel Gil, [156], [166]
• Drowned Meadow, [93]
• Duke de la Rochefoucault, Liancourt, [124]
• Duke of Athol’s Regiment, [40], [48]
• Dusenberry, Richd., [166]
• Duyckenik, Christopher, [50], [249]
• East Chester, [167]
• East Haddam, Conn., [1]
• East Hampton, L. I., [37], [81];
• boys deck Dayton, [254]
• Elizabeth, [236]
• Elizabeth Town, [240];
• troops land near, [9]
• Emmerick, [236]
• England, Packet sailing for, [206]
• English fleet, about 75 sail left Sandy Hook, [272]
• Erskine, Sir Wm., [113];
• fortifying at Southampton and building boats, [237]
• Estaing, Charles Henry, Count d’, [48], [65]
• Eustice, Dr., [177]
• Expenses for self and horse considerable, [100]
• Fairfield, [33], [37], [81], [226], [287]
• Fairlie, James, [287]
• Faller, Pero, [166]
• Fanning’s Regiment, [94], [266];
• at Lloyd’s Neck, [69];
• at White Stone, [247]
• Fish, Jubis, has boats at Horse Neck, [93]
• Fishkill, [107], [144], [159], [197]
• Floyd Family, [15];
• Benjamin, [82];
• Elizabeth, v;
• Elizabeth, the mother of Mrs. James Fenimore Cooper, [165];
• Mary, who married Major Tallmadge, [165];
• Colonel, [37];
• Col. Benjamin, robbed, [66], of service to Whig interests, [67];
• Col. after E. Dayton, [253];
• Culper likely to stand in need of his services, [238];
• returned on his Parole, [238]
• Flushing, L. I., [14], [38], [102], [190], [268];
• Major André at, [125];
• Browns regiment at, [74];
• a regiment of Horse at, [57];
• 1000 Hessians at, [271];
• Yaigers at, [236]
• Flushing Heights, [85]
• Foreword, [1]
• Fort Putnam, [152]
• Fort St. George, [191];
• Capt. Hazard going there, [202]
• Forts nearly completed, [255]
• Fort Washington strongly fortified, [255]
• Fortifying L. I. opposite Frog’s Point, [267]
• Fortifying the Heights of Harlem, [267]
• France, Large fleet sailing from, [196]
• Franklin, John, [8]
• Franks, David S., [172]
• Franks, Major, [145], [176], [178]
• French Fleet, mentioned, [69], [206], [253];
• arrives off Rhode Island, [81];
• second division to arrive, [90];
• steering for the Continent, [255]
• Frigate sank off Helgate, [271]
• Frog’s Neck, [84]
• Gallows Point, Cannonade from, [151]
• Gambier, Admiral, [40]
• Gardiner’s Bay, fleet there, [190];
• British Fleet sails from, [94]
• Gardiner’s Island, [87]
• Gardner, Sergt. Robert, [137]
• Gazette, Royal, [12];
• tells of John Paulding’s capture, [165]
• Genealogy—Townsend, [268]
• General Assembly of New York, [104]
• Gentlemen stand soldier like, [280]
• Georgia, mentioned, [56], [64], [69], [237], [238], [224], [252], [256], [261], [280];
• no late accounts from, [58], [258];
• troops for, [256]
• Glover and Hoyt, [93]
• Gordon, Lord Charles, [265]
• Governor’s Island, [64];
• repairing works, [255]
• Graves, Admiral, arrives in New York, [81]
• Great Neck, [10]
• Green Farms, [88]
• Green, General, announces Arnold’s treason, [119]
• Green, Genl. Nathaniel, letter to Coll. Wadsworth, [181]
• Greene’s, Genl., lines at Brooklyn, [108]
• Greenland, [285]
• Grinell, Capt., [241]
• Guard boats kept out, [250]
• Guilford, [88]
• Gustavus letter, [138]
• Hale, Nathan, where he was captured, [20];
• Enoch Hale recorded that “Nathan, being suspected by his movements that he wanted to get out of New York was hanged,” [20];
• John Hale entered in the town records of Coventry, “Capt. Nathan Hale was taken in the City of New York and executed,” [20];
• Chapter I, pages [19–29];
• mentioned, vi, [1], [30], [111]
• Halifax, mentioned, [40], [48], [64], [68], [237], [248]
• Hammond, Sir Andrew, arrives, [255]
• Hamilton, Alexander, mentioned, [4], [54], [61], [125];
• acts for Washington, [84];
• his opinion of plot to capture Washington, [136]
• Hamilton, Coll. (Alexander), [177]
• Hamilton, Coll. (British), [84]
• Hampton Roads, [188]
• Handwriting, [3]
• Handkerchief full of gold, [163]
• Hanly, Lieutenant, [283]
• Harrison’s Brewery, [258]
• Hartford, mentioned, [95], [168], [177], [182]
• Haverstraw, [153]
• Haverstraw Bay, [148]
• Hawkins, Jonas, [11], [55]
• Hazard, Capt., [202]
• Heath, Genl., [84], [92], [99]
• Heath, General William, letter from Washington, [179]
• Hempstead Bay, [86]
• Hempstead Harbor, [259]
• Hempstead Plains, [85]
• Hempstead, 17th Dragoons at, [62], [74], [271]
• Heron, William, otherwise Hiram, the British Spy, [128], [198], [220], [230]
• Hessians at Brooklyn Ferry, [35]
• Hessian Regiments, [56], [267]
• Hessian Yeagers at Jericho, [190]
• Hessian Yeagers at Oyster Bay, [190]
• Hewlet, Col. remains on Lloyd’s Neck, [38]
• Hewlett, Col. Richard, [226]
• Hicks Boat, [10]
• Hicks, John, [102]
• Hicks, Mary, [102]
• Higday, George, [45], [47], [246]
• Hiram, [219] (see [Heron])
• Hobart, John Sloss, [110]
• Hopkins, Benedict Arnold’s chum in Boston, [182]
• Hopkins, C. D., marries Elizabeth Arnold, [182]
• Horseneck, [101]
• Horses not sold yet, [280]
• Hospital Ship destroyed by fire, [74]
• Hot Press in New York, [190]
• Houghton Mifflin Company, [4]
• Howe, Genl., [93], [157], [211]
• Howe, Robert, his letter to Arnold, [122]
• Howe, Genl. Robert, innocently betrays his spies to Arnold, [122]
• Howel, George (Aiqlai Bqyim), [95]
• Howel, a particular friend of Tryon, [270]
• Hubbel, Capt., [283]
• Hubbel, Major, at Lloyd’s Neck, [279]
• Hubbell, Lieut., [176]
• “Hugo,” by Mrs. Smith, [213]
• Hulce, Joseph, [66]
• Hulet, Coll., [245]
• Humphreys, Major, [97], [267]
• Hunter, Elijah, sent to Arnold, [134]
• Huntington, [43], [94], [226], [241], [256], [262], [284]
• Huntington Bay, [87]
• Huntington has Coll. Ludlow’s, Gov. Brown’s and Coll. Fanning’s Regiments, [259]
• Huzzars, [94]
• Imprisoned, Several friends, [189]
• Independence offered, [203]
• Inspector of Letters at Brooklyn Ferry, [55]
• Intercepted Messages, [213]
• Jackson, T. T., Account of the capture of Fort St. George, [192]
• Jamaica. A guard for the General there, [57];
• Col. Ludlow there, [203];
• commanding officer of Kings Forces at, [86];
• Coll. Fanning’s Regiment at, [74];
• DeLancey there, [250];
• Regiment of Highlanders there, [38];
• Troops at, [190];
• 200 men left at, [236];
• mentioned: [14], [102], [284]
• Jameson, Colonel John, mentioned, [117], [162], [167], [178];
• His letter to Washington, [162]
• Jameson, William, His record of meeting André, [154]
• Jarvis, Capt., [93]
• Jay, James, furnishes ink for spies, [51];
• his letter to Washington, [210]
• Jay, John, mentioned, [44], [51], [210];
• his code from Entick’s Dictionary, [215]
• Jericho, mentioned, [103], [194];
• Queens Rangers at, [62];
• second Battalion of Skinner’s Brigade at, [74]
• Jerusalem South, [69]
• Johnson, Capt., [287]
• Johnstone, Capt., killed, [283]
• Jones, E., [70]
• Jones, General, [236]
• Jones, M. Genl., [51]
• Jones, Thomas, his account of the Setauket affair, [230]
• Keirs, Major, [144]
• Kelly’s House, [70]
• Ketchak, Lieut., killed, [195]
• King, Absalom, of Long Island, [181]
• King, Anna, [268]
• Kings Bridge, [85], [97], [168], [236], [264]
• King’s Ferry, [134], [148]
• Kip’s house. André dines there, [141]
• Kissam, Major John, [84]
• Knyphausen, [236], [264]
• Knox, Secretary, [288]
• Lafayette, [84];
• escapes snare laid by Arnold, [121]
• Lake George, [124]
• Lamb, General John, [7]
• Lambert: Cornelius Lambert, Lambert Lambert and Henry Lambert, the ferrymen, [154]
• Laurel Hill, [85]
• Laurens, John, [125]
• Lawrence, Edward, [269];
• Effingham, [10], [268], [269];
• Henry, [269];
• Joseph, [10], [268];
• Lydia, [269];
• Mary, [269];
• Major, [110];
• Richard, [268];
• Robert, [269];
• Townsend, [269];
• William, [269]
• Lawrence Hewlett’s Point, [86]
• Leer, Tobias, [177]
• Leland, General, [259]
• Leslie, General, [236]
• Letter folded very small, [97]
• Letters, necessity for destroying them, [241]
• Lewis, Anne, [287]
• Lewis, Jonathan, [287]
• Light House, strong fort there, [255]
• Lions, P., [70]
• Liquid for secret letters hard to get, [43]
• Little Neck, [269]
• Livingston, James, letter to Arnold, [137];
• forwards Robinson’s letter, [139];
• has a word, [154]
• Livingston, William, [160]
• Lloyd, Margaret, [16]
• Lloyd’s Neck, British carry hay to, [66];
• Col. Ludlow’s Regt., there, [74];
• Colden’s Volunteers at, [271];
• DeLancey’s brigade there, [57];
• Lloyd’s Neck has Col. Ludlow’s, Gov. Brown’s, and Col. Fanning’s Regiments, [259];
• troops called from, [79];
• Jersey Volunteers leave, [203];
• mentioned, [46], [89], [90], [262]
• Location of British, [280]
• London, [285]
• Long Clove, where André met Arnold, [150], [152]
• L. I. Troops on west end, [256]
• Lord Cathcart’s Legion at Jericho, [259];
• at Oyster Bay, [259]
• Lord Rawdon’s Corps, [64]
• Lord Rhoden’s Regiment, [236]
• Lower Salem, [117]
• Loyalists, American, [124]
• Loyalists setting off for Nova Scotia, [281]
• Ludlow, Col., has left Lloyd’s Neck, [203]
• Ludlow, Col., Regiment, [245]
• Ludlow’s Regiment at Lloyd’s Neck, [194], [236]
• Luzerne, Chevalier, [177]
• Lyme, [88]
• Lyons, Parsons, [95]
• Mandeville, James, [166]
• Mansfield, Margaret, wife of Benedict Arnold, [182]
• Marshall quotes Lafayette, [121]
• Martin, Gov., [263]
• Martin, Henry H., [268]
• Masks to disguise letters, [215]
• Mastic, [191]
• Mathews to sail for Europe, [90]
• Mathews, Gen., [189], [236]
• Mayflower, [285]
• McAdams would sell his estate, [239]
• Mernaid, Capt., [247]
• Middletown, [95]
• Milford, [280]
• Miller, Andraes, [156]
• Millers Place, troops there, [93]
• Mitchill, Dr., [287]
• Monroe, Harriet, [268]
• Montaigne, [214]
• Moody, clever British Spy, [126];
• and Arnold’s code letter offering to betray West Point, [215];
• Moody meets Heron, another British Spy, at West Point, [127]
• Moore, George, [102]
• Moore, John (alias B. Arnold), [126]
• Morris House, [85]
• Morris, Robert, code letters, [216];
• gets gold for secret service, [216]
• Mount Misery, Militia to drive, [254]
• Muirson, [91];
• betrays Howell to Woodhull, [270]
• Muirson, Heathcote, [286]
• Mulford, Col. at East Hampton, [111]
• Musqueto Cove, [188]
• Newburgh, [174], [204]
• New Haven, [88], [95], [171], [182], [191]
• New London, [16], [42], [88];
• Union School, [1]
• Newport, [63], [168];
• used similar signals to those on Long Island, [15];
• harbor, [84]
• Newtown, L. I., [38];
• 54th regiment at, [74];
• 200 Grenadiers at, [271]
• New York, [38], [85], [90], [188], [189], [196], [244], [259], [264];
• Custom House, [288]
• Nicoll:
• Annie, [269];
• Benjamin, [269];
• Charlotte, [269];
• Delancey, [269];
• Dr., [35];
• Edward Holland, [269];
• Henry, [269], [279];
• Mary Townsend, [269];
• Samuel Benjamin of Shelter Island, [269];
• Solomon Townsend, [269]
• North Castle, [89], [96], [101], [167], [168];
• Church, [157]
• North, Lord, [56]
• Norwich, [182]
• Norwich Hill, L. I., [85]
• “Not long since there was not the breadth of your finger betwixt me and death”, [71]
• Oakman, Henry, [54]
• Oakman & Townsend, [54]
• Odells, Mr., [130]
• Officers out with hounds every day, [93]
• Onderdonk, Henry, vi;
• gives details of Setauket “Battle,” [229]
• Orange County, [103]
• Orange Town, [91]
• Osborne, J., [129]
• Outram, Ship, from London, [182]
• Oxen demanded by British, [65]
• Oyster Bay, [4], [30], [35], [57], [68], [94], [101], [124], [136], [141], [220], [258];
• Foot belonging to Legend at, [62];
• German Huzzars at, [74];
• Heron captured near, [220];
• Coll. Simcoe at, [38], [94], [236];
• Col. Simcoe going to leave, [253];
• Yeagers and Germans at, [271]
• Paper, British get for counterfeiting, [71]
• Paper from Philadelphia for Counterfeit money, [261]
• Paper. What Tallmadge had was too poor to use, [194]
• Parish, Dr. Matthew, [104]
• Parker, Admiral, [260], [261]
• Parsons, Genl. Samuel H., [96], [133], [197], [198], [219], [220];
• demands surrender of Setauket church, [229];
• captures horse-blankets, [226];
• was to be a second Arnold, [220];
• sends letters and British spies to Benedict Arnold, [120];
• introduces Heron, the British Spy, to B. Arnold, [127];
• letter of Feb. 17, 1781, [274]
• Patterson, Genl., [53];
• to sail for Europe, [90]
• Paulding, John, [167];
• brings spy to headquarters, [118];
• his narrative, [160];
• among the prisoners, [166];
• monument near Peekskill, [164]
• Payne, John Howard, with the parents when Edgar Poe was born, [183]
• Peekskill, [155]
• Penobscot, [53];
• American Fleet at, [56]
• Petticoat and Handkerchiefs, [15]
• Philadelphia, Pa., [37], [173], [182], [238]
• Phillips, General, [276];
• is dead, [278]
• Pierce, G. M., quoted, [17]
• Pierson, Mr., [214]
• Pine’s Bridge, [158]
• Poe, David, Jr. and Sr. of Baltimore, [183]
• Poe, Edgar Allan, [183]
• Poe, Mrs., [183]
• Poers, Captain, [224]
• Port Jefferson shot up by Stephen Smith, [278]
• Portsmouth, [258]
• Powles Hook, [235]
• Presbyterian Meeting House, Setauket, [226]
• Prescot, Genl., Express from, [253]
• Prince of Wales American Regiment at Jamaica on way to Huntington, [69]
• Provincial Convention, [30]
• Provost, Genl., [48]
• Putnam, Coll. Barge Crew, [135]
• Putnam, General, [37], [107], [139], [141];
• his orders to Parsons, [226]
• Quebec, [56]
• Queens County Loyalists, [226]
• Queens County Militia, [85], [86]
• Queens Rangers, [53], [90], [124], [251], [266];
• at Oyster Bay, [57], [236], [256];
• marched from Oyster Bay to André’s aid, [163];
• at Jamaica, [194];
• at Jericho, [256]
• Ramsay, Coll., [73]
• Rathbone, Sarah, [268]
• Rawdon, Lord Francis, captures Tallmadge’s baggage and money for the Culpers, [46];
• mentioned, [53]
• Raynham Hall at Oyster Bay, [103]
• Remsen’s, Colonel, regiment, [108]
• Rhea, Lieutenant, [283]
• Rhode Island, [85], [90], [116], [235], [237], [244], [253], [256], [258], [267]
• Riedesel, Mme., entertains Major André and General Clinton, [141]
• River Head, British troops there, [89]
• Rivington, James, Sketch, [5];
• His Coffee House, [7];
• in Jail, [7];
• mentioned, [13], [265];
• His paper, [165], [249]
• Robbers, [241]
• Robertson, Gov., [220]
• Robinson, Capt., [173]
• Robinson, Coll. Beverly, [149], [175];
• his letter Sept. 19, 1780, [141];
• a confidant of André, [125]
• Robinson, General, [186]
• Robinson, Genl. (Jimmy), to command in Virginia, [278]
• Robinson House, [121], [172]
• Robinson’s Regiment, [236], [267]
• Robinson, William T., Culper’s assistant, once owned property, 421 E. 61st St., N. Y., [10];
• his letters, June 7, 1780, [9];
• Dec. 31, 1779, [10];
• June 24, 1780, [265]
• Rochambeau, Count, [168];
• arrives at Newport, [84]
• Rodney, Admiral, [190], [196]
• Rodney, Sir George, fleet arrives, [99], [135]
• Roe, Austin, [13], [31], [61], [81], [89], [190], [202];
• The “Paul Revere” of New York, [82];
• How his leg was broken, [61]
• Rogers, Capt., [245]
• Rogers, Coll., [124]
• Rome, John, [50], [51]
• Ruggles, Nathaniel, mentioned, [4]
• Russia, ships belonging to, [190]
• Russian Ambassador, [202]
• Rustdorf, [102]
• Sag Harbor, v
• Salem, [167], [169]
• Samuel Culper Junior, hopes and expects all his letters are destroyed, [187]
• Sandy Hook, [195], [235];
• hulks sunk there, [258]
• Saw Mills used by enemy, Culper would destroy, [245];
• Located: Humphrey Avery’s at West Neck, [245];
• Botts at Smithtown, [245];
• Havens at Moriches, [245];
• Samuel Phillips at Smithtown, [245];
• Caleb Smiths at Smithtown, [245];
• Nichols at Islip, [245];
• Edmond Smith at Stony Brook, [245];
• Tillotsons at the County House, [245];
• Seth Worth at Fire Place, [245];
• Willets at Islip, [245]
• Schuyler, General, [172]
• Scott, General Chas., [2], [31], [32], [33]
• Scudder, Capt., [225]
• Seaman, Jacob, [8]
• Sears, Coll., mentioned, [6]
• Seaton’s Neck, [70], [260]
• Secret Formula, [36]
• Secret Service, [2], [3], [16]
• Setauket church, [226]
• Setauket, L. I., mentioned, [4], [11], [14], [59], [69], [94], [95], [116], [195];
• full of troops, [92];
• 20 horse and 4 foot billeted, [260];
• British billeted at Coll. Floyd’s, E. Jones, J. Thompson’s, P. Lions, John Bayles, Kelly’s house, [260]
• Seton, Mr., robbed, [66]
• Shaw, Mr., [88]
• Sheldon, Colonel Elisha, [88], [128], [167];
• posts Dragoons under protest, [88];
• orders retreat, [46];
• sends British spies to Arnold, [120];
• forwards letter from Mrs. Arnold to Coll. DeLancey, [130];
• John Anderson, otherwise Major André, writes to him, [131];
• sends Arnold André’s letter, [132];
• writes to Arnold, Sept. 12, 1780, [133];
• his Trial, [195]
• Shippen, Edward, [182]
• Shippen, Margaret, [182]
• Shippen, Peggy, [182]
• Ships in New York Harbor, about 200, [41]
• Sickness on Long Island, [251]
• Signal Fires, British lighted, [84]
• Silver Bullets, [211]
• Simcoe, Coll. John Graves, mentioned, [43], [72], [113], [241];
• at Oyster Bay, [35], [38], [94], [124], [236];
• with others on the Island, [89];
• friendship for André, [123];
• through André knew Sir Henry Clinton’s plans for capture of West Point, [125];
• planned to capture Genl. Washington, [135];
• plundered Woodhull’s father in most shocking manner, [241];
• sails with Arnold, [195];
• first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, [124];
• sketch of his career, [123]
• Sink vessels at Sandy Hook, [63]
• Skinner, General, [92], [236]
• Smithtown, L. I., [70], [194], [257];
• must furnish 1000 cords of wood, [74];
• 17th Dragoons encamped in widow Blidenburg’s orchard, [96];
• wagons and troops at, [260];
• Refugees at Tredles farm, [271]
• Smith, Elizabeth, [269]
• Smith, Mrs. Elizabeth Oakes, [213]
• Smith, Mrs. J. H., [173]
• Smith, Joshua Hett, [135], [144], [172];
• his story of meeting André, [148];
• continues the narrative, [157]
• Smith, Colo. Josiah, his regiment, [108];
• ordered by Gen. Washington to withdraw from Long Island, [110]
• Smith, Richard, alias Bull Smith, [269]
• Smith, Stephen, shoots up Port Jefferson, [278]
• Smith, William, [108]
• Smith, Judge Wm., [4]
• Smith, William Henry, [16]
• Smith, Lieutenant Coll. W. S., [166]
• Smith’s, William, farm at Mastick neck, [192]
• Smith’s place, Mastic, [191], [286]
• Sons of Liberty, [5], [30]
• Southampton, [37], [95], [188], [235], [262];
• British there, [87]
• South Bay, [245]
• South Carolina, [76]
• Southerland, Capt. of the Vulture, [149]
• Southold, [263]
• South Mills, [89]
• Spanish War, [247]
• Sparks, Jared, tried to identify Culpers, [5];
• uses letters from Tallmadge, [167]
• Springfield, British troops arrive at, [7]
• St. Augustine, [280]
• Stain, invisible, [210]
• Stain Letters, [13];
• frequently developed, [16]
• Stain sheets mixed, [71]
• Stamford, [88], [93], [101], [225]
• Staten Island, [206], [240], [250], [281], [287];
• troops from, land at Elizabeth Town, June, 1780, [9]
• Sterling, Sir Thomas, Genl., [9], [79]
• Stewart, Coll., [53]
• Stoddard, Darius, causes Sheldon’s arrest, [134]
• Stoddard, William, [102]
• Stony Point, [53], [144], [148];
• troops get back, [258]
• Strang, Major, [156]
• Stratford Point, [283]
• Strong, Benajah, [286]
• Strong, Judge Selah, [15]
• Strong, Thomas, [15]
• Strong’s Neck, [15]
• Success, L. I., [280]
• Surrender of West Point Planned, [135]
• Suttin, Capt. John, [93]
• Sutton’s Hill, now Beacon Hill, [85]
• Sylvester, Grizzell, [16]
• Tallmadge, Major Benjamin. Letters: Oct 29, 1778, [32];
• Nov. 19, 1778, [33];
• Nov. 29, 1778, [35];
• Dec. 23, 1778, [33];
• April 21, 1779, [42] and [239];
• Nov. 1, 1779, [66];
• July 14, 1780, [81];
• Sept 9, 1780, [96];
• Sept 13, 1780, [97];
• Sept. 19, 1780, [99];
• Aug. 10, 1780, [100];
• Aug. 20, 1780, [101];
• Aug. 28, 1780, [101];
• Sept. 21, 1780, [117];
• Letters to Jared Sparks, [167], [169];
• Oct. 11, 1780, [184];
• Oct. 17, 1780, [187], [270];
• Oct. 23, 1780, [187];
• Jan. 28, 1781, [196];
• April 25, 1781, [199];
• Aug. 18, 1782, [205];
• Mar. 31, 1783, [207], [281];
• Feb. 21, 1783, [283]
• Tallmadge, Major Benjamin, mentioned: vi, [11], [16], [31], [32], [80], [83], [84], [118], [152], [167], [191], [193], [196], [199], [206], [286];
• his letter to Nathan Hale, [19];
• his Code, [218];
• surprised by night attack, [46];
• says: Culper’s Intelligence defeated British expedition to New London, [240];
• obliged to use counterpart to stain letters, [66];
• deciphers stain letters, [97];
• translates important stain message, [116];
• obliged to decipher letters, [267];
• reads Arnold’s letter, [117];
• tells Arnold he will conduct Anderson to West Point, [118];
• insists upon André’s return, [118];
• Arnold invites him to become a traitor, [196];
• narrative of Sept. 23, 1780, [167];
• prejudiced against André’s captors, [164];
• requests to be first to enter New York, [281];
• captures enemy’s armed vessel, [283]
• Tarnay, Admiral, French Fleet arrives, [84]
• Tarry-Town, [137], [157], [161], [168]
• Tellers Point, [143]
• Templeton, Oliver, praises Townsend, [4]
• Thompson, Benjamin F. His sketch of Caleb Brewster, [284]
• Thompson, J., [70]
• Thompson, Samuel, [15]
• Thompson, Susannah, [15]
• Thompson’s Coll., Corps, [284]
• Thorne, Anna; Anna Townsend, Edward, James, John, Martha, Mary, Phebe Townsend, Robert, Sarah, [269];
• Sarah, [112]
• Three Brothers, Privateer, captured, [284]
• Ticonderoga, [182]
• Titus, Mrs. Elizabeth, [112]
• Tompkins, Governor, [287]
• Tooker, Abijah, responsible for Conklin’s capture, [195]
• Tower Hill, [88]
• Townley, Mary, [268]
• Townsend Family, [184];
• Anna, daughter of Hannah, [268];
• Anne, [11], [103], [268];
• Audrey, [103], [268];
• Dr. Charles of Albany, [231];
• David, [103];
• Ephraim, [104];
• Franklin, son of Hannah and once Mayor of Albany, [268];
• Frederick, [268];
• Hannah, who married Major Green of the British Army, [113];
• Hannah, [268];
• Harriet, [268];
• Helene, [269];
• Howard, son of Hannah, [268];
• Isaiah of Albany, [268];
• Isaiah, Jr., [268];
• Jacob, born 1692, father of Samuel, [102];
• Jacob, [268];
• James, his experience as messenger, [76];
• James, [102];
• James, his letter to the Provincial Congress, [110];
• John, [102];
• John 2d, [102];
• Mrs. John, [104];
• Mary, [268];
• Peter, his family, [103];
• Peter, [204], [213], [268];
• Peter S., [269];
• Phebe, [103];
• Phebe, [103], [268];
• Phebe of Orange Co., [268];
• Phebe, da. of the Fourth Henry, [11];
• Robert, mentioned, vi, [4], [8], [12], [13], [30], [44], [45], [83], [102], [203];
• Robert, alias Culper Junior, son of Samuel, [102], [268];
• called Culper Junior, [60];
• appointed Commissary by Provincial Convention, [30], [107];
• how he used British uniform, [279];
• Woodhull’s opinion of, [244];
• genealogy of, [103];
• Robert, son of Hannah, [268];
• Samuel, [103], [268];
• born in 1717, [102];
• in 1758 helped neutral French, [104];
• in Provincial Congress in 1775, [106];
• member Council of Appointment, [4];
• Samuel, son of Samuel, [268];
• Samuel (the other Samuel), [104], [197], [272];
• Sarah, [103], [103];
• mother of Robert, [268]
• Townsend, Sarah and Coll. Simcoe’s valentine, [113], [282];
• sister of Robert, [268]
• Townsend, Solomon, [103], [268];
• nephew of Robert, [268];
• had 6 children, Solomon, Charles, Robert, Maurice, Edward and Maria, [269]
• Townsend, Sylvanus, [8];
• William, [103];
• Wm. David, [268];
• Zerviah, [104]
• Townsend House, Oyster Bay, [124]
• Transports from Cork, [40]
• Troops all marching to the eastward, [90]
• Trowbridge, [95]
• Trumbull, Governor, [99], [219]
• Tryon, [52], [85], [236], [253], [264];
• to sail for Europe, [90]
• Tubbs, Charles, [182]
• Underhill, Amos, [8]
• Underhill, Benjamin, [8]
• Underhill, Elizabeth, [8]
• Underhill, Townsend, [8]
• Upham, Coll., [205]
• Ustic’s House, [85]
• Van Rensselaer, Justina, [268]
• Vantassel, Mr., [166]
• Van Weart, Isaac, [161];
• memorial, [164]
• Varick, Colonel Richard, [4], [171]
• Vaughan, Genl., [54]
• Verplanck’s, [139]
• Verplanck’s Point, [137], [139], [154], [247]
• Virginia, [189]
• Virginia Fleet, [243]
• Virginia, gentlemen of, [124]
• Vulture takes Robinson up the river, Sept. 16, 1780, [139]
• Walker, Ben, [166]
• Walker, William H., [268]
• Wallace, Hugh, [78]
• Wallace, Sir James, [56], [64]
• Wansey, Henry, [7]
• Washington, General George. Letters:
• Nov. 20, 1778, [34];
• Nov. 29, 1778, [36];
• Dec. 17, 1778, [36];
• Jan. 2, 1779, [37];
• Mar. 21, 1779, [38];
• June 13, 1779, [43];
• June 27, 1779, [45] and [246];
• July 25, 1779, [51];
• Sept. 24, 1779, [58];
• Oct 9, 1779, [63];
• Feb. 5, 1780, [72];
• May 19, 1780, [78];
• July 11, 1780, [80];
• Aug. 11, 1780, [89];
• Aug. 21, 1780, [91];
• Aug. 27, 1780, [94];
• Sept. 16, 1780, [98];
• Sept. 7, 1780, [134];
• Sept. 14, 1780, [135];
• Sept. 26, 1780, [180], [185];
• Feb. 23, 1781, [198];
• April 30, 1781, [200];
• Aug. 10, 1782, [204];
• July 31, 1788, [212];
• April 29, 1781, [225]
• Washington, General George, care in exacting pledge, [3];
• his opinion of Culper Junior, [17];
• says, “I rely upon his Intelligence”, [17];
• letter of instructions, [38];
• requests Culper to reside in New York, [38];
• pleased with Culpers, [89];
• horse kept in New York City for the Spies, [116];
• instructions for Culper Junior, [49];
• advises Townsend how to conceal his writing, [59];
• orders Dragoons posted every 15 miles, [88];
• arrives at West Point, [176];
• tells how Arnold escaped, [177];
• says: “I shall think myself bound to represent his (Culper Junior) conduct in the light it deserves”, [99]
• Washington, General George, mentioned, vi, [60], [84], [85], [108], [114], [121], [132], [139], [160], [166], [168], [176], [186], [195], [198], [199], [234], [288]
• Washington Papers, [141]
• Waterbury, Genl., [225]
• Waterman, Hannah, [181]
• Watson, Coll., [136]
• Webb, Col., [52]
• Webb, Col. Charles, [1]
• Webb, Col. Samuel B., [227]
• Weeks, Joseph, [102]
• Welch Fusileers, [236]
• Westbury, [221], [224]
• Westchester County, v, [164], [165], [250]
• West Point, [114], [116], [117], [118], [126], [134], [145], [168], [170], [171], [176], [177], [195], [219]
• Whaleboat, both sides capture same, [219]
• Whaleboat men in Washington’s service, [225]
• Whitestone, L. I., [206];
• 8000 British Troops embarking at, [83];
• transports there, [256]
• White Plains, [100], [106], [153], [157], [227]
• Willett, Coll., [7]
• Wilmington, North Carolina, [233]
• Williams, Capt., [165]
• Williams, Charles, [196]
• Williams, David, [161];
• his story of André’s capture, [163];
• monument, [164]
• Williams, John, [122]
• Williams, Nathl., [259]
• Wistar, [265]
• Wistar, C., [9]
• Wolsey, John, [43], [241]
• Woodbury of Connecticut burns the Prison Ship, [264]
• Wooden, Solomon, hears prophecy, [104]
• Woodhull, Abraham (see [Culper, Senior]), v, [4], [8], [14], [31], [33], [81];
• called Samuel Culper or Culper Senior, [60];
• suffers from fright, [42];
• his most exciting message, [83];
• his father tortured, [44];
• would kill Colonel Simcoe, [72];
• to be Townsend’s assistant, [246]
• Woodhull, Abraham C., not one of the Culpers, [4]
• Woodhull, Capt., His Company to meet, [253]
• Woodhull, Elizabeth, [269]
• Woodhull, Rev. John, [233]
• Woodhull, Mary, [8]
• Woodhull, Capt. Nathan, [95]
• Woodhull, Nathan, otherwise Pevbepy Yqqhbwmm, [253]
• Woodhull, Genl. Nathaniel, [107], [269];
• letter to and from the Convention, [108], [109]
• Woods, Adam, [234]
• Worth, Capt. Jonathan, [285]
• Wright’s Mills, [157]
• Wurmb, Lewis de, the Hessian Colonel, [112]
• Yale College, [1]
• Yeagers crossed Hell Gate, [203]
• York, Sir Joseph, [256]
• Youngs, Capt. Daniel, [114];
• ordered by Coll. Simcoe to be ready, [136]

(Map of area surrounding western Long Island Sound)
[(Larger)]

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling inconsistencies have not been changed in this eBook, as many of them likely were intentional parts of the codes being used, and different people wrote the various letters.

Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.