Osseous or Bony Fishes.

1. Acanthopterygii, or fishes with hard fins.

2. Malacopterygii abdominales, or soft-finned fishes, with the ventral fins on the abdomen behind the pectorals.

3. Malacopterygii sub-brachiati, or soft-finned fishes, with the ventral fins under the gills.

4. Malacopterygii apodes, or soft-finned fishes, without ventral fins.

5. Lophobranchii, or fishes with tufted gills.

6. Plectognathii, or fishes with the upper jaw fixed.

Chondropterygii, or Cartilaginous Fishes.

7. Cyclostomi, or fishes with jaws fixed in an immovable ring, and with holes for the gills.

8. Selachii, or fishes with movable jaws and holes for the gills.