THE THOUGHT IS IN THE QUESTION THE INFORMATION IS IN THE ANSWER

HAWKINS
ELECTRICAL GUIDE
NUMBER
TWO
QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
&
ILLUSTRATIONS
A PROGRESSIVE COURSE OF STUDY
FOR ENGINEERS, ELECTRICIANS, STUDENTS
AND THOSE DESIRING TO ACQUIRE A
WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF
ELECTRICITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
A PRACTICAL TREATISE
by
HAWKINS AND STAFF

THEO. AUDEL & CO. 72 FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK.

COPYRIGHTED, 1914,
BY
THEO. AUDEL & CO.,
NEW YORK.

Printed in the United States.


TABLE OF CONTENTS
GUIDE NO. 2.

[THE ARMATURE][221] to 228

Definition—how continuous current is obtained—type ofarmature—comparison ring and drum armatures—why drum armature is theprevailing type—disc armatures—why disc armatures were abandoned.

[ARMATURE WINDINGS][229] to 256

Preliminary considerations—winding diagrams and winding tables—lap andwave winding—angular pitch or spread of drum coils—parallel or lapwinding—series or wave winding—double-windings—Siemenswinding—objection to Siemens winding—chord winding—multiplexwindings—number of brushes required—number of armaturecircuits—equalizer ringsdrum winding requirements.

[THEORY OF THE ARMATURE][257] to 282

Current distribution in ring and drum armatures—connection ofbrushes—variation of voltage around the commutator—crossmagnetization; field distortion—remedies for fielddistortion—angle of lead—demagnetizing effect of armaturereaction—effect of leadeddy currents; lamination—remedy foreddy currents—magnetic drag on the armature—smooth and slottedarmatures—comparison of smooth and slotted armatures—magnetichysteresis in armature cores—core loss or iron loss—deadturns—friction.

[COMMUTATION AND THE COMMUTATOR][283] to 302

Period of commutation—commutating plane—normal neutralplane—neutral plane—plane of maximuminduction—commutation—position of thebrushes—sparking—effect of self-induction—construction ofcommutators—points relating to commutators—types ofcommutator.

[BRUSHES AND THE BRUSH GEAR][303] to 320

Classification—gauze brushes—wire brushes—stripbrushes—carbon brushes—adjustment—comparison of copper andcarbon brushes—size of brushes—number—contact angle ofbrush— brush contact—drop in voltage at brushes—brushholders—brush rigging—multipolar brush gear.

[ARMATURE CONSTRUCTION][321] to 348

Parts—shaft—core—slotted core—core laminations—corebolts—attachment to shaft—insulation of corediscs—teeth—advantages and defects of slottedarmatures—slotted cores; built upconstruction—ventilationinsulation of core—armaturewindings—construction of inductors—objection to copperbars—various windings: hand winding—evolute or butterflywinding—connectors—barrel winding—bastard winding—formerwinding—former coils—peculiarity of evolute coil—"straightout" coil—coil retaining devices—driving horns.

[MOTORS][349] to 388

Definition—principles—propelling drag—essential requirementsof construction—the reverse electromotive force—hydraulicanalogy—action of current supplied to motor—armature reactionin motors—method of starting a motor— classes of motor;series, shunt, and compound—power of a motor—brake horsepower—mutual relations of motor torque and speed—speedregulation—series parallel controller—interpole motors.

[SELECTION AND INSTALLATION][389] to 406

General conditions governingselectionconstruction—efficiency—adaptation of series andshunt motors—location—foundations—erection of dynamos andmotors—connecting up dynamos—marine generating set—beltclamp—belt lacing—belt speed—points relating to belts—geardrive—friction drive—electrical connections.

[AUXILIARY APPARATUS][407] to 430

Switches—switch classification and construction—difficultyencountered in opening the circuit—various switches: knife,snap, and quick break types—fuses—circuit breakers: maximum,minimum, reverse current, maximum and reverse current, novoltage breaker—discriminating cut out—time limitattachments—rheostats—starting boxes—switchboards.

Definition—how continuous current is obtained—type of armature—comparison ring and drum armatures—why drum armature is the prevailing type—disc armatures—why disc armatures were abandoned.

Preliminary considerations—winding diagrams and winding tables—lap and wave winding—angular pitch or spread of drum coils—parallel or lap winding—series or wave winding—double-windings—Siemens winding—objection to Siemens winding—chord winding—multiplex windings—number of brushes required—number of armature circuits—equalizer ringsdrum winding requirements.