Maxims and Instructions for the Boiler Room / Useful to Engineers, Firemen & Mechanics; Relating to Steam Generators, Pumps, Appliances, Steam Heating, Practical Plumbing, etc.

by N. Hawkins

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PREFACE.

The chief apology for the preparation and issue of these Maxims and Instructions, for the use of Steam users, Engineers and Firemen, is the more than kind reception of Calculations.

But there are other reasons. There is the wholesome desire to benefit the class, with whom, in one way and another, the author has been associated nearly two score years.

The plan followed in this work will be the same as that so generally approved in Calculations; the completed volume will be a work of reference and instruction upon those works set forth in the [title page]. As a work of reference the work will be especially helpful through combined [Index] and Definition [Tables] to be inserted at the close of the book. By the use of these the meaning of every machine, material and performance of the boiler room can be easily found and the “points” of instruction made use of.

This work being issued in parts, now in manuscript, and capable of change or enlargement, the editor will be thankful for healthful suggestions from his professional brethren, before it is put into permanent book form.

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CONTENTS.

Page
PREFACE		[7]
INTRODUCTION		[9]
MATERIALS		[12]
	Coal	[13]
	Wood	[14]
	Peat	[14]
	Tan	[15]
	Straw	[15]
	Coke, Charcoal, Peat Charcoal	[15]
	Liquid and Gas Fuels	[15]
	Air	[16]
	Table of Evaporation	[18]
	Fire Irons	[19]
	Handy Tools	[21]
	The Tool Box	[22]
THE FIRING OF STEAM BOILERS		[24]
	Directions for Firing with Various Fuels	[28]
	Firing with Coke	[28]
	Firing with Coal Tar	[30]
	Firing with Straw	[31]
	Firing with Oil	[32]
	Firing on an Ocean Steamer	[32]
	Firing of Sawdust and Shavings	[33]
	Firing a Locomotive	[36]
	Firing with Tan Bark	[36]
	Points Relating to Firing	[37]
	Foaming in Boilers	[42]
A CHAPTER OF DON’TS		[44]
STEAM GENERATORS		[48]
	Description	[49]
	An Upright Steam Boiler	[50]
	The Growth of the Steam Boiler	[52]
	Marine Boilers	[60]
	The Surface Condenser	[65]
	Operation of the Condenser	[66]
	Water Tube Steam Boilers	[67]
	Care of Water Tube Boilers	[70]
	Sectional Boilers	[71]
	Locomotive Boilers	[72]
	Standard Horizontal Tubular Steam Boiler	[79]
	Parts of the Tubular Boiler	[81]
	The Triple Draught Tubular Boiler	[83]
SPECIFICATION FOR 125 HORSE POWER BOILER		[85]
	Type	[85]
	Dimensions	[85]
	Quality and Thickness of Steel Plates	[85]
	Flanges	[85]
	Riveting	[86]
	Braces	[86]
	Manholes, Hand Holes and Thimbles	[86]
	Lugs	[86]
	Castings	[86]
	Testing	[87]
	Quality and Workmanship	[87]
	Fittings and Mountings	[87]
	Drawings	[87]
	Duty of Boiler	[87]
MARKS ON BOILER PLATES		[88]
CONSTRUCTION OF BOILERS		[89]
	Quality of Steel Plates	[90]
	Nickel Steel Boiler Plates	[91]
	Riveting	[91]
	Bracing of Steam Boilers	[96]
	Rule for Finding Pressure or Strain on Bolts	[99]
	Gusset Stays	[100]
	Riveted or Screw Stays	[101]
	Inspector’s Rules Relating to Braces in Steam Boilers	[102]
	Rules and Tables	[105]
	Boiler Tubes	[110]
	Portions of the Marine Boiler which become Thin by Wear	[112]
EXAMPLES OF CONSTRUCTION AND DRAWING		[113]
	Rule for Safe Internal Pressure	[117]
DEFINITION OF TERMS		[121]
	Tensile strength	[121]
	Contraction of area	[121]
	Elongation	[121]
	Shearing strength	[121]
	Elastic limit	[121]
	Tough	[121]
	Ductile	[121]
	Elasticity	[122]
	Fatigued	[122]
	Malleable	[122]
	Weldable	[122]
	Cold-short	[122]
	Hot-short	[122]
	Homogeneous	[122]
BOILER REPAIRS		[123]
	Repairing Cracks	[123]
	Defects and Necessary Repairs	[124]
	Questions by the Proprietor to the Engineer in Charge, Relating to Condition of the Boiler	[127]
	Questions asked of a Candidate For a Marine License Relating to Defects in Boiler	[127]
THE INSPECTION OF STEAM BOILERS		[129]
	How to prepare for Steam Boiler Inspection	[130]
	Issuing Certificates	[131]
	The Hydraulic Test	[131]
ENGINEERS’ EXAMINATIONS		[133]
MECHANICAL STOKERS		[134]
CHEMICAL TERMS AND EXPLANATIONS RELATING TO FEED WATERS		[136]
	Chemistry	[136]
	Element	[136]
	Re-agent	[136]
	Oxide	[136]
	Carbonate	[136]
	Acid	[137]
	Alkalies	[137]
	Chloride	[137]
	Sulphates	[137]
	Silica	[137]
	Magnesia	[138]
	Carbonate of Magnesia	[138]
	Lime	[138]
	Soda	[138]
	Sodium	[138]
	Salt	[139]
ANALYSIS OF FEED WATER		[140]
	Directions	[140]
	FROM ARGOS, IND.	[140]
	FROM SIOUX FALLS, S. D.	[140]
	FROM LITCHFIELD, ILL.	[141]
	FROM CHELSEA, MASS.	[141]
	FROM MEMPHIS, TENN.	[141]
	FROM PEKIN, ILL.	[141]
	FROM TIFFIN, OHIO	[141]
CORROSION AND INCRUSTATION OF STEAM BOILERS		[142]
	Preliminary Precipitation of Water	[144]
	A precipitator for Sea Water	[145]
	Scale Deposited in Marine Boilers	[146]
	A locomotive-Boiler Compound	[149]
	“Points” Relating to the Scaling of Steam Boilers	[149]
ENGINEERS’ TESTS FOR IMPURITIES IN FEED WATER		[153]
	Use of Petroleum Oil in Boilers	[155]
	Kerosene Oil in Boilers	[156]
	Mechanical Boiler Cleaners	[159]
	Scumming Apparatus	[161]
	Use of Zinc in Marine Boilers	[162]
BOILER FIXTURES AND BELONGINGS		[164]
	Boiler Fronts	[165]
	Furnace Doors	[168]
	Fusible Plugs	[171]
	Grate Bars	[173]
	Water Gauge Cocks	[176]
	Glass Gauges	[177]
	The Mud Drum	[179]
	Baffle Plates	[180]
	Dead Plate	[180]
	Steam Whistles	[180]
	The Steam Gauge	[181]
	Steam Separator	[183]
	Sentinel Valve	[184]
	Damper Regulators	[185]
	Fuel Economizer and Feed Water Purifier	[185]
	Safety Valves	[187]
	U. S. Rules Relating to Safety Valves	[189]
	Feed Water Heaters	[196]
	Capacity of Cisterns	[202]
	Water Meters	[203]
	“Points” Relating to Water Meters	[204]
	The Steam Boiler Injector	[206]
	“Points” Relating to the Injector	[209]
LAWS OF HEAT		[212]
THE STEAM PUMP		[215]
	Classification of Pumps	[217]
	Points Relating to Pumps	[219]
	Calculations Relating to Pumps	[222]
IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES RELATING TO WATER		[224]
STORING AND HANDLING OF COAL		[225]
CHEMISTRY OF THE FURNACE		[226]
	Oxygen	[229]
	Carbon	[229]
	Hydrogen	[230]
	Nitrogen	[230]
	Sulphur	[230]
	Carbonic Acid Gas	[230]
	Carbonic Oxide	[231]
	Table	[231]
HEATPROOF AND ORNAMENTAL PAINTS		[232]
PRESSURE RECORDING GAUGE		[233]
HORSE POWER AS APPLIED TO BOILERS		[234]
	Rule For Estimating Horse Power of Horizontal Tubular Steam Boilers	[235]
BOILER SETTING		[236]
	Setting of Water Tube Boilers	[239]
	Points Relating to Boiler Setting	[239]
KINDLING A FURNACE FIRE		[241]
	Sawdust Furnace	[242]
PIPES AND PIPING		[244]
	Joints of Pipes and Fittings	[248]
STEAM AND HOT WATER HEATING		[251]
	Points Relating to Steam Heating	[254]
	Ventilation	[265]
	Heating by Exhaust Steam	[267]
	Care of Steam Fittings	[268]
	Tools used in Steam Fitting	[269]
	Cocks	[270]
	Valves	[271]
	Steam Fittings	[274]
	Steam Pipe and Boiler Coverings	[275]
	Linear Expansion of Steam Pipes	[276]
	The Steam Loop	[278]
BOILER MAKERS’ TOOLS AND MACHINERY		[281]
STEAM		[282]
WATER HAMMER		[283]
HAZARDS OF THE BOILER ROOM		[285]
	Fuel Oil	[289]
WATER CIRCULATION		[294]
CHIMNEYS AND DRAUGHT		[296]
PLUMBING		[298]
	Piping and Drainage	[299]
	Lead Pipe Joints	[300]
	Repairing Pipes with Putty Joints	[303]
	Bending Lead Pipe	[304]
	Plumber’s Solder	[305]
	Plumber’s Tools	[306]
USEFUL TABLES OF WEIGHTS OF IRON AND COMPARISONS OF GAUGES		[309]
NOISELESS WATER HEATER		[312]
ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES		[313]
	Burns and Scalds	[313]
	Glue Burn Mixture	[315]
	Insensibility from Smoke	[315]
	Heat-stroke or Sun-stroke	[316]
	Cuts and Wounds	[316]
	Bleeding	[317]
	Frost Bite	[318]
	Broken Bones	[318]
	Poultices	[319]
	How to Carry an Injured Person	[319]
PERSONAL		[320]
INDEX		[321]
ADVERTISMENTS		[333]