Fig. [648] shows the common wrought iron right-hand sleeve coupling and Fig. [649] a plain lock nut.
Fig. [650] shows the bell and spigot connection commonly used for joining cast iron water or soil pipes, the joint being formed by pouring melted lead into the cavity inside the bell. The melted lead is prevented from escaping by damming up the opening with a turn of oakum at the bottom and fire clay at the top of the joint. After the lead cools it is calked with a calking tool. Fig. [651] is similar to Fig. [643] only the latter has plain flanges with a gasket, A, B, inserted.
Fig. [652] represents an improvement on the union shown in Fig. [646]. It is known as the Dart-union. The improvement consists in the substitution of a ball and socket joint made of composition brass or bronze ground joint and enclosed within the malleable iron case; unions are particularly desirable for inaccessible locations where it would be next to impossible to reach the union to renew the gasket.
Fig. [653] is an extra heavy beaded malleable iron tee, while Fig. [654] shows a common threaded cast iron pipe plug.
The figures on page [366] are one half end views, divided on the center line, of brass and iron tubing; they are reduced in size, but show their relative thickness, from one eighth inch up to four inches inclusive.
The “Standard” sizes are shown in Figs. [663] and [664].
The “extra strong” are represented in Figs. [658], [661] and [662].
The double extra strong is shown in Figs. [659], [660], [665] and [666].
All “tubing,” including boiler tubes, is measured by the outside diameters, while gas and steam pipe, including cast iron water pipe is designated by the inside diameter.