For fuller details as to the history of the study of the freshwater Polyzoa the student may refer to Allman's and to Kraepelin's monographs. An excellent summary is given by Harmer in his chapter on the freshwater Polyzoa in vol. ii. of the Cambridge Natural History; and Loppens has recently (1908) published in the Annales de Biologie lacustre a concise survey of the systematic work that has recently been undertaken. Unfortunately he perpetuates Carter's error as regards the position of Hislopia.
Bibliography of the Freshwater Polyzoa.
A very full bibliography of the freshwater Polyzoa will be found in pt. i. of Kraepelin's "Die Deutschen Süsswasserbryozoen" (1887), while Loppens, in his survey of the known species (Ann. Biol. lacustre, ii, 1908), gives some recent references. The following list contains the titles of some of the more important works of reference, of memoirs on special points such as reproduction and of papers that have a special reference to Asiatic species. Only the last section is in any way complete.
| (a) Works of Reference. |
|---|
| 1847. | Van
Beneden, "Recherches sur les Bryozoaires fluviatiles de
Belgique," Mém. Ac. Roy. Belgique, xxi. |
| 1850. | Dumortier and Van
Beneden, "Histoire Naturelle des Polypes composés d'eau douce,"
2^e partie, Mém. Ac. Roy. Bruxelles, xvi (complément). |
| 1856. | Allman,
"A Monograph of the Fresh-Water Polyzoa" (London). |
| 1866-1868. | Hyatt, "Observations on Polyzoa, suborder
Phylactolæmata," Comm. Essex Inst. iv, p. 197, v,
p. 97. |
| 1880. | Hincks,
"A History of the British Marine Polyzoa." |
| 1885. | Jullien,
"Monographie des Bryozoaires d'eau douce," Bull. Soc. zool. France, x,
p. 91. |
| 1887 &
1892. | Kraepelin, "Die
deutschen Süsswasserbryozoen," Abhandl. Nat. Vereins Hamburg, x &
xii. |
| 1890. | Braem,
"Untersuchungen des Bryozoen des süssen Wassers," Bibl. Zool. ii, Heft 6
(Cassel). |
| 1896. | Harmer,
Cambridge Natural History, ii, Polyzoa, chap. xviii. |
| 1899. | Korschelt and Heider,
"Embryology of Invertebrates," vol. ii, chap. xvi. (English edition by
Bernard and Woodward, 1899.) |
| 1908. | Loppens,
"Les Bryozoaires d'eau douce," Ann. Biol. lacustre, iii. p.
141. |
| (b) Special
Works on Embryology, etc. |
| 1875. | Nitsche,
"Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Bryozoen," Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. xxv
(supplement), p. 343. |
| 1880. | Reinhard, "Zur Kenntniss der Süsswasser-Bryozoen,"
Zool. Anz. iii, p. 208. |
| 1888. | Braem,
"Untersuchungen über die Bryozoen des süssen Wassers," Zool. Anz. xi,
pp. 503, 533. |
| 1891. | Oka,
"Observations on Freshwater Polyzoa," J. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, iv, p.
89. |
| 1906. | Wilcox,
"Locomotion in young colonies of Pectinatella magnifica," Biol.
Bull. Wood's Hole, ii. |
| 1908. | Braem,
"Die geschlechtliche Entwickelung von Fredericella sultana nebst
Beobachtungen über die weitere Lebensgeschichte der Kolonien," Bibl.
Zool. xx, Heft 52. |
| (c) Papers that
refer specifically to Asiatic species. |
| 1851. | Leidy
described Plumatella diffusa in Proc. Ac. Philad. v, p. 261
(1851). |
| 1858. | Carter,
"Description of a Lacustrine Bryozoon allied to Flustra," Ann.
Nat. Hist. (3) i, p. 169. |
| 1859. | Carter,
"On the Identify in Structure and Composition of the so-called Seed-like
Body of Spongilla with the Winter-egg of the Bryozoa: and the
presence of Starch-granules in each," Ann. Nat. Hist. (3) iii,
p. 331. (Statoblast of Lophopodella described and
figured.) |
| 1862. | Mitchell, "Freshwater Polyzoa," Q. J. Micr. Sci.
(new series) ii, p. 61. ("Lophopus" recorded from
Madras.) |
| 1866. | Hyatt,
"Observations on Polyzoa, suborder Phylactolæmata," Comm. Essex Inst.
iv, p. 197. ("Pectinatella carteri" named.) |
| 1869. | Stoliczka, "On the Anatomy of Sagartia
schilleriana and Membranipora bengalensis, a new coral and a
bryozoon living in brackish water at Port Canning," J. As. Soc. Bengal,
xxxviii, ii, p. 28. |
| 1880. | Jullien,
"Description d'un nouveau genre de Bryozoaire Cheilostomien des eaux
douces de la Chine et du Cambodge et de deux espèces nouvelles," Bull.
Soc. zool. France, v, p. 77. ("Norodonia"
described.) |
| 1885. | Jullien,
"Monographie des Bryozoaires d'eau douce," Bull. Soc. zool. France, x,
p. 91. (Hislopia assigned to the ctenostomes.) |
| 1887. | Kraepelin, "Die deutschen Süsswasserbryozoen," Abh.
Ver. Hamburg, x. (Plumatella philippinensis.) |
| 1891. | Oka,
"Observations on Freshwater Polyzoa," J. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, iv, p.
89. |
| 1898. | Meissner, "Die Moosthiere Ost-Afrikas," in Mobius's
Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, iv. (Lophopodella carteri recorded from E.
Africa.) |
| 1901. | Korotneff, "Faunistische Studien am Baikalsee,"
Biol. Centrbl. xxi, p. 305. ("Echinella" described.) |
| 1904-1906. | Rousselet, "On a new Freshwater Polyzoon from
Rhodesia, Lophopodella thomasi, gen. et sp. nov.", J. Quekett
Club (2) ix, p. 45. (Genus Lophopodella described.) |
| 1906. | Annandale, "Notes on the Freshwater Fauna of India.
No. II. The Affinities of Hislopia," J. As. Soc. Bengal (new
series) ii, p. 59. |
| 1906. | Kraepelin, "Eine Süsswasser-bryozoë
(Plumatella) aus Java," Mitth. Mus. Hamburg, xxiii, p.
143. |
| 1907. | Annandale, "Notes on the Freshwater Fauna of India.
No. XII. The Polyzoa occurring in Indian Fresh and Brackish Pools," J.
As. Soc. Bengal (new series) iii, p. 83. |
| 1907. | Annandale, "Statoblasts from the surface of a
Himalayan Pond," Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 177. |
| 1907. | Annandale, "The Fauna of Brackish Ponds at Port
Canning, Lower Bengal: I.—Introduction and Preliminary Account of
the Fauna," Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 35. |
| 1907. | Annandale, "The Fauna of Brackish Ponds at Port
Canning, Lower Bengal: VI.—Observations on the Polyzoa, with
further notes on the Ponds," Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 197. |
| 1907. | Annandale, "Further Note on a Polyzoon from the
Himalayas," Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 145. |
| 1907. | Rousselet, "Zoological Results of the Third
Tanganyika Expedition, conducted by Dr. W. A. Cunnington,
1904-1905.—Report on the Polyzoa," P. Z. Soc. London, i,
p. 250. (Plumatella tanganyikæ.) |
| 1907. | Oka,
"Eine dritte Art von Pectinatella (P. davenporti, n.
sp.)," Zool. Anz. xxxi, p. 716. |
| 1907. | Apstein,
"Das Plancton im Colombo-See auf Ceylon," Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.) xxv, p.
201. (Plumatella recorded.) |
| 1907. | Walton,
"Notes on Hislopia lacustris, Carter," Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p.
177. |
| 1907-1908. | Oka, "Zur Kenntnis der Süsswasser-Bryozoenfauna von
Japan," Annot. Zool. Japon, vi, p. 117. |
| 1907-1908. | Oka, "Ueber eine neue Gattung von
Süsserwasserbryozoen," Annot. Zool. Japon, vi, p. 277. |
| 1908. | Annandale, "The Fauna of Brackish Ponds at Port
Canning, Lower Bengal: VII.—Further Observations on the Polyzoa
with the description of a new genus of Entoprocta," Rec. Ind. Mus. ii,
p. 11. |
| 1908. | Annandale, "Corrections as to the Identity of
Indian Phylactolæmata," Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 110. |
| 1908. | Annandale, "Three Indian Phylactolæmata," Rec. Ind.
Mus. ii, p. 169. |
| 1908. | Kirkpatrick, "Description of a new variety of
Spongilla loricata, Weltner," Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 97.
(Hislopia recorded from Burma.) |
| 1909. | Annandale, "Preliminary Note on a new genus of
Phylactolæmatous Polyzoa," Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 279. |
| 1909. | Annandale, "A new species of Fredericella
from Indian Lakes," Rec. Ind. Mus. iii. p. 373. |
| 1909. | Walton,
"Large Colonies of Hislopia lacustris," Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p.
295. |
| 1910. | Annandale, "Materials for a Revision of the
Phylactolæmatous Polyzoa of India," Rec. Ind. Mus. v,
p. 37. |
| 1911. | West and
Annandale, "Descriptions of Three Species of
Algæ associated with Indian Freshwater Polyzoa," J. As. Soc. Bengal
(ined.). |
| Brown body | A body formed in a
zoœcium by the degeneration of a polypide as a preparation for its
regeneration. |
| Cardiac
portion (of the stomach). | That part which
communicates with the œsophagus. |
| Collar | A longitudinally pleated
circular membrane capable of being thrust out of the orifice in advance
of the lophophore and of closing together inside the zoœcium above
the tentacles when they are retracted. |
| Dorsal surface | (Of
zoœcium or polypide) the surface nearest the mouth;
(of statoblast) the surface furthest from that by which the
statoblast is attached to the funiculus during development. |
| Ectocyst | The outer, structureless
layer of the zoœcium. |
| Emarginate (of a
zoœcium) | Having a thin or defective triangular area in the
ectocyst at the tip. |
| Endocyst | The inner, living
(cellular) layer of the zoœcium. |
| Epistome | A leaf-like ciliated
organ that projects upwards and forwards over the mouth between it and
the anus. |
| Funiculus | A strand of tissue
joining the alimentary canal to the endocyst. |
| Furrowed (of a
zoœcium) | Having a thin or defective longitudinal linear
streak in the ectocyst on the dorsal surface. |
| Gizzard | A chamber of the
alimentary canal situated at the cardiac end of the stomach and provided
internally with a structureless lining. |
| Intertentacular organ | A ciliated
tube running between the cavity of the zoœcium and the external
base of the lophophore. |
| Keeled (of a zoœcium) | Having
a longitudinal ridge on the dorsal surface. |
| Lophophore | The tentacles with the
base to which they are attached. |
| Marginal processes (of
statoblast). | Chitinous hooked processes on the margin of the
swim-ring (q. v.). |
| Œsophagus | That part of the
alimentary canal which joins the mouth to the stomach. |
| Orifice | The aperture through which
the lophophore can be protruded from or retracted into the
zoœcium. |
| Parietal muscles | Transverse
muscles running round the inner wall of the zoœcium. |
| Parieto-vaginal muscles | Muscles
that surround the orifice, running between the folds of the
zoœcium in an oblique direction. |
| Polyparium | The whole body of
zoœcia and polypides which are in organic connection. |
| Polypide | The tentacular crown,
alimentary canal, and retractor muscles of a
polyzoon-individual. |
| Pyloric portion (of the
stomach). | That part which communicates with the
intestine. |
| Resting bud | An external bud
provided with food-material in its cells, with a horny external coat and
capable of lying dormant in unfavourable conditions. |
| Retractor muscles | The muscles by
the action of which the lophophore can be pulled back into the
zoœcium. |
| Statoblast | An internal bud arising
from the funiculus, containing food-material in its cells, covered with
a horny coat and capable of lying dormant in unfavourable
conditions. |
| Swim-ring | A ring of polygonal
air-spaces surrounding the statoblast. |
| Ventral surface | (Of
zoœcium or polypide) the surface nearest the anus;
(of statoblast) the surface by which the statoblast is attached
to the funiculus during development. |
| Zoarium | The whole body of
zoœcia which are in organic connection. |
| Zoœcium | Those parts of the
polyzoon-individual which constitute a case or "house" for the
polypide. |