Page
Editor's Preface[v]
Systematic Index[vii]
General Introduction[1]
Biological Peculiarities[2]
Geographical Distribution[5]
Geographical List[7]
Special Localities[13]
Nomenclature and Terminology[17]
Material[20]
Introduction to Part I.(Spongillidæ)[27]
The Phylum Porifera[27]
General Structure[29]
Skeleton and Spicules[33]
Colour and Odour[35]
External Form and Consistency[37]
Variation[39]
Nutrition[41]
Reproduction[41]
Development[45]
Habitat[47]
Animals and Plants commonly associated withFreshwater Sponges[49]
Freshwater Sponges in relation to Man[50]
Indian Spongillidæ compared with those of otherCountries[51]
Fossil Spongillidæ[52]
Oriental Spongillidæ not yet found in India[52]
History of the Study of Freshwater Sponges[54]
Literature[55]
Glossary of Technical Terms used in PartI.[61]
Systematic List of the IndianSpongillidæ[63]
Introduction to Part II.(Hydrida)[129]
The Phylum Cœlenterata and the ClassHydrozoa[129]
Structure of Hydra[130]
Capture and Ingestion of Prey: Digestion[133]
Colour[134]
Behaviour[135]
Reproduction[136]
Development of the Egg[139]
Enemies[139]
Cœlenterates of Brackish Water[139]
Freshwater Cœlenterates other thanHydra[141]
History of the Study of Hydra[142]
Bibliography of Hydra[143]
Glossary of Technical Terms used in PartII.[145]
List of the Indian Hydrida[146]
Introduction to Part III.(Ctenostomata and Phylactolæmata)[163]
Status and Structure of the Polyzoa[163]
Capture and Digestion of Food: Elimination ofWaste Products[166]
Reproduction: Budding[168]
Development[170]
Movements[172]
Distribution of the Freshwater Polyzoa[173]
Polyzoa of Brackish Water[174]
History of the Study of Freshwater Polyzoa[177]
Bibliography of the Freshwater Polyzoa[178]
Glossary of Technical Terms used in PartIII.[181]
Synopsis of the Classification of thePolyzoa[183]
Synopsis of the Subclasses, Orders, andSuborders[183]
Synopsis of the leading characters of theDivisions of the Suborder Ctenostomata[185]
Systematic List of the Indian FreshwaterPolyzoa[187]
Appendix to the Volume[239]
Hints on the Preparation of Specimens[239]
Addenda[242]
Part I.[242]
Part II.[245]
Part III.[245]
Alphabetical Index[249]
[Explanation ofPlates.]

EDITOR'S PREFACE.

Dr. N. Annandale's volume on the Freshwater Sponges, Polyzoa, and Hydrida contains an account of three of the chief groups of freshwater organisms. Although he deals mainly with Indian forms the book contains an unusually full account of the life-history and bionomics of freshwater Sponges, Polyzoa, and Hydrozoa.

I have to thank Dr. Annandale for the great care he has taken in the preparation of his manuscript for the press, and also the Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, for their kindness in placing material at the disposal of the Author.

A. E. SHIPLEY.

Christ's College, Cambridge,
March 1911.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page
PORIFERA.
Order HALICHONDRINA [65]
Fam. 1. Spongillidæ[65]
1. Spongilla, Lamarck [67]
1a. Euspongilla,Vejdovsky [69]
1. lacustris, auct.[69]
1 a. reticulata,Annandale [71], [241]
2. proliferens,Annandale [72]
3. alba, Carter[76]
3 a. cerebellata,Bowerbank [76]
3 b. bengalensis,Annandale [77]
4. cinerea, Carter[79], [241]
5. travancorica,Annandale [81]
6. hemephydatia,Annandale [82]
7. crateriformis(Potts) [83]
1b. Eunapius, J.E. Gray [86]
8. carteri, Carter[87], [241]
8 a. mollis,Annandale [88]
8 b. cava,Annandale [88]
8 c. lobosa,Annandale [89]
9. fragilis, Leidy[95]
9 a. calcuttana,Annandale [96]
9 b. decipiens,Weber [97]
10. gemina, Annandale [97]
11. crassissima, Annandale[98]
11 a. crassior, Annandale[98]
1c. Stratospongilla,Annandale [100]
12. indica, Annandale [100]
13. bombayensis, Carter [102], [241]
13 a. pneumatica,Annandale [241]
14. ultima, Annandale [104]
2. Pectispongilla, Annandale [106]
15. aurea, Annandale [106]
15 a. subspinosa,Annandale [107]
3. Ephydatia, Lamouroux [108]
16. meyeni (Carter) [108]
fluviatilis,auct. [242]
4. Dosilia, Gray [110]
17. plumosa (Carter) [111]
5. Trochospongilla, Vejdovsky [113]
18. latouchiana, Annandale[115]
19. phillottiana, Annandale[117]
20. pennsylvanica (Potts)[118]
6. Tubella, Carter [120]
21. vesparioides, Annandale[120]
7. Corvospongilla, Annandale [122]
22. burmanica (Kirkpatrick)[123]
caunteri,Annandale [243]
23. lapidosa (Annandale)[124]
HYDROZOA.
Order ELEUTHEROBLASTEA[147]
Fam. 1. Hydridæ[147]
1. Hydra, Linné[147]
24. vulgaris, Pallas[148]
25. oligactis, Pallas[158], [245]
POLYZOA.
Order CTENOSTOMATA[189]
Div. 1. Vesicularina[189]
Fam. 1. Vesicularidæ[189]
1. Bowerbankia, Farre[189]
1. caudata,Hincks[189]
1. a. bengalensis,Annandale[189]
Div. 2. Paludicellina[190]
Fam. 1. Paludicellidæ[191]
1. Paludicella, Gervais[192]
2. Victorella, Kent[194]
26. bengalensis,Annandale[195]
Fam. 2. Hislopiidæ[199]
1. Hislopia, Carter[199]
27. lacustris,Carter[202]
27 a. moniliformis,Annandale[204]
Order PHYLACTOLÆMATA[206]
Div. 1. Plumatellina[206]
Fam. 1. Fredericellidæ[208]
1. Fredericella, Gervais[208]
28. indica, Annandale[210], [245]
Fam. 2. Plumatellidæ[211]
Subfam. A. Plumatellinæ[212]
1. Plumatella, Lamarck[212]
29. fruticosa, Allman[217]
30. emarginata, Allman[220], [245]
31. javanica, Kraepelin[221]
32. diffusa, Leidy[223], [245]
33. allmani, Hancock[224], [246]
34. tanganyikæ,Rousselet[225], [246]
35. punctata, Hancock[227]
2. Stolella, Annandale[229]
36. indica, Annandale[229]
himalayana,Annandale[246]
Subfam. B. Lophopinæ[231]
1. Lophopodella, Rousselet[231]
37. carteri (Hyatt)[232]
37 a. himalayana(Annandale)[233]
2. Pectinatella, Leidy[235]
38. burmanica, Annandale[235]