(a) Works of Reference.
1863.Bowerbank, "A Monograph of the Spongillidæ," P. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, pp. 440-472, pl. xxxviii.
1867.Gray, J. E., "Notes on the arrangement of Sponges, with the description of some new genera." ibid. 1867, pp. 492-558.
1881.Carter, "History and classification of the known species of Spongilla," Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) vii, pp. 77-107, pls. v, vi.
1883.Vejdovsky, "Die Süsswasserschwämme Böhmens," Abh. Kön. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. (math.-natur. Classe), xii, pp. 1-43, pls. i-iii.
1887.Vosmaer, "Spongien (Porifera)," in Bronn's Thier-Reichs.
1887.Potts, "Contributions towards a synopsis of the American forms of Fresh-Water Sponges, with descriptions of those named by other authors and from all parts of the world," P. Ac. Philad. pp. 158-279, pls. v-xii.
1887.Vejdovsky, "Diagnosis of the European Spongillidæ," ibid. pp. 172-180.
1888.Wierzejski, "Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Süsswasserschwämme," Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxviii, pp. 529-536, pl. xii.
1891.Weltner, in Zacharias's Die Tier- und Pflanzenwelt des Süsswassers: I, Die Süsswasserschwämme.
1895.Weltner, "Spongillidenstudien, III," Arch. Naturg. Berlin, lxi (i), pp. 114-144.
1895.Korschelt and Heider, Text-book of the Embryology of Invertebrates: English edition, prepared by E. L. Mark and W. McM. Woodworth, Vol. I, chap. i.
1900.Minchin, Sponges—Phylum Porifera in Lankester's "Treatise on Zoology," ii.
1905.Kükenthal, W., Leitfaden für das Zoologische Praktikum (3rd Ed., Jena), 2. Kursus: Porifera, Schwämme, p. 31.
1906.Sollas, I. B. J., Cambridge Natural History—I. Porifera (Sponges).
1909.Weltner, "Spongillidæ, Süsswasserschwämme," in Brauer's "Die Süsswasserfauna Deutschlands," Heft xix, pp. 177-190.
1910.Lloyd, An Introduction to Biology for Students in India.
(b) Special Memoirs on Anatomy, Physiology, and Development.
1844.Laurent, "Recherches sur l'Hydre et l'Eponge d'eau douce," Voyage de la Bonite, ii, pp. 113-276.
1854.Carter, "Zoosperms in Spongilla," Ann. Nat. Hist. (2) xiv, pp. 334-336, pl. xi, figs. 1-6.
1857.Carter, "On the ultimate structure of Spongilla, and additional notes on Freshwater Infusoria," Ann. Nat. Hist. (2) xx, pp. 21-41, pl. i, figs. 1-11.
1859.Carter, "On the identity in structure and composition of the so-called 'seed-like body' of Spongilla with the winter-egg of the Bryozoa, and the presence of starch-granules in each," Ann. Nat. Hist. (3) iii, pp. 331-343, pl. viii.
1859.Lieberkühn, "Neue Beiträge zur Anatomie der Spongien," Arch. Anat. Phys. J. Müller, pp. 374-375, 526-528.
1871.Carter, "Discovery of the animal of the Spongiadæ confirmed," Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) vii, p. 445.
1871.Haeckel, "Ueber die sexuelle Fortpflanzung und das natürliche System der Schwämme," Jenaische Zeitschr. f. Naturw. vi, pp. 643, 645.
1874.Carter, "On the nature of the seed-like body of Spongilla; on the origin of the mother-cell of the spicule; and on the presence of spermatozoa in the Spongida," Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) xiv, pp. 97-111.
1874.Lankester, E. Ray, "The mode of occurrence of chlorophyll in Spongilla," Q. J. Micr. Sci. xiv, pp. 400-401.
1875.Sorby, H., "On the Chromatological relations of Spongilla fluviatilis," Q. J. Micr. Sci. xv, pp. 47-52.
1878.Ganin, "Zur Entwickelung der Spongilla fluviatilis," Zool. Anz. I, pp. 195-199.
1882.Carter, "Spermatozoa, polygonal cell-structure, and the green colour in Spongilla, together with a new species," Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) x, pp. 362-372, pl. 16.
1882.Geddes, "Further researches on animals containing chlorophyll," Nature, xxv, pp. 303-305, 361-362.
1882.Lankester, E. Ray, "On the chlorophyll-corpuscles and amyloid deposits of Spongilla and Hydra," Q. J. Micr. Sci. xxii (n. s.), pp. 229-254, pl. xx.
1883.Marshall, W., "Einige vorläutige Bemerkungen über die Gemmulä der Süsswasserschwämme," Zool. Anz. vi, pp. 630-634, 648-652.
1884.Carter, "The branched and unbranched forms of the Freshwater Sponges considered generally," Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) xiii, pp. 269-273.
1884.Marshall, W., "Vorläutige Bemerkungen über die Fortpflanzungsverhältnisse von Spongilla lacustris," Ber. Naturf. Ges. Leipzig,* pp. 22-29.
1884.Potts, "Freshwater Sponges as improbable causes of the pollution of river-water," P. Ac. Philad. pp. 28-30.
1885.Schulze, F. E., "Über das Verhältniss der Spongien zu den Choanoflagellaten," SB. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, pp. 179-191.
1886.Goette, Untersuchungen zur Entwickelungsgeschichte von Spongilla fluviatilis*, Hamburg und Leipzig (5 plates).
1886.Wierzejski, "Le développement des Gemmules des Eponges d'eau douce d'Europe," Arch. Slaves Biologie, i, pp. 26-47 (1 plate).
1887.Carter, "On the reproductive elements of the Spongida," Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) xix, pp. 350-360.
1889.Maas, "Zur Metamorphose der Spongillalarve," Zool. Anz. xii, pp. 483-487.
1890.Maas, "Ueber die Entwickelung des Süsswasserschwämmes," Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool. 1, pp. 527-554, pls. xxii, xxiii.
1890.Weber, M. et Mme. A., "Quelques nouveau cas de Symbiose," Zool. Ergebn. einer Reise Niederländ. Ost-Indien, i, pp. 48-72, pl. v.
1892.Zykoff, "Die Entwicklung der Gemmulä der Ephydatia fluviatilis auct.," Zool. Anz. xv, pp. 95-96.
1892.Zykoff, "Die Bildung der Gemmulä bei Ephydatia fluviatilis," Revue Sc. Nat. Soc. St. Pétersbourg,* pp. 342-344.
1892.Zykoff, "Die Entwicklung der Gemmulä bei Ephydatia fluviatilis auct.," Bull. Soc. Imp. Natur. Moscou, n. s. vi, pp. 1-16, pl. i, ii.
1892.Zykoff, "Entwickelungsgeschichte von Ephydatia mülleri, Liebk. aus den Gemmulæ," Biol. Centralbl. xii, pp. 713-716.
1893.Weltner, "Spongillidenstudien, II," Arch. Naturg. Berlin, lix (1), pp. 245-282, pls. viii, ix.
1899.Evans, R., "The structure and metamorphosis of the larva of Spongilla lacustris," Q. J. Micr. Sci. xlii, pp. 363-476, pls. xxxv-xli.
1901.Evans, R., "A description of Ephydatia blembingia, with an account of the formation and structure of the gemmule," Q. J. Micr. Sci. xliv, pp. 71-109, pls. i-iv.
1907.Weltner, "Spongillideustudien, V.: Zur Biologie von Ephydatia fluviatilis and die Bedeutung der Amöbocyten für die Spongilliden," Arch. Naturg. Berlin, lxxiii (i), pp. 273-286.
1907.Annandale, "The buds of Spongilla proliferens, Annand.," Rec. Ind. Mus. i, pp. 267, 268.
1907.Annandale, "Embryos of Ephydatia blembingia, Evans," ibid. p. 269.
1907.Annandale, "The nature of the pores in Spongilla," ibid. pp. 270-271.
(c) Descriptions of Asiatic Species[[V]] and of Animals associated with them.
1847-
1848.		Carter, "Notes on the species, structure, and animality of the Freshwater Sponges in the tanks of Bombay (Genus Spongilla)," Trans. Bombay Med. & Phys. Soc., 1847, and Ann. Nat. Hist. (2) i, pp. 303-311, 1848.
1849.Carter, "A descriptive account of the Freshwater Sponges (Genus Spongilla) in the Island of Bombay, with observations on their structure and development," Ann. Nat. Hist. (2) iv, pp. 81-100, pls. iii-v.
1868.Martens, E. von, "Ueber einige östasiatische Süsswasserthiere," Arch. Naturg. Berlin, xxxiv, pp. 1-67: IV., Ein Süsswasserschwamm aus Borneo, pp. 61-64, pl. i, fig. 1.
1881.Carter, "On Spongilla cinerea," Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) vii, p. 263.
1890.Weber, M., "Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederländisch Ost-Indien," i, pp. 30-47, pl. iv.
1901.Evans, R., "A description of Ephydatia blembingia, with an account of the formation and structure of the gemmule," Q. J. Micr. Sci. xliv, pp. 71-109, pls. i-iv.
1901.Weltner, "Süsswasserspongien von Celebes (Spongillidenstudien, IV.)," Arch. Naturg. Berlin, lxvii (1) (Special Number), pp. 187-204, pls. vi, vii.
1906.Annandale, "A variety of Spongilla lacustris from brackish water in Bengal," J. As. Soc. Bengal, (n. s.) ii, pp. 55-58.
1906.Annandale, "Some animals found associated with Spongilla carteri in Calcutta," ibid. pp. 187-196.
1907.Willey, "Freshwater Sponge and Hydra in Ceylon," Spolia Zeylanica, iv, pp. 184-185.
1907.Annandale, "On Freshwater Sponges from Calcutta and the Himalayas," J. As. Soc. Bengal, (n. s.) iii, pp. 15-26.
1907.Annandale, "Gemmules of Trochospongilla phillottiana, Annand.," Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 269.
1907.Annandale, "Description of two new Freshwater Sponges from Eastern Bengal, with remarks on allied forms," ibid. pp. 387-392.
1908.Annandale, "Preliminary notice of a collection of Sponges from W. India, with descriptions of two new species," Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, pp. 25-28.
1908.Kirkpatrick, "Description of a new variety of Spongilla loricata, Weltner," ibid. pp. 97-99.
1908.Annandale, "Preliminary notice of a collection of Sponges from Burma, with the description of a new species of Tubella," ibid. pp. 157-158.
1909.Annandale, "Report on a small collection of Sponges from Travancore," Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, pp. 101-104, pl. xii.
1909.Needham, "Notes on the Neuroptera in the collection of the Indian Museum," ibid. pp. 206-207.
1909.Annandale, "Description of a new species of Spongilla from Orissa," ibid. p. 275.
1909.Annandale, "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Fauna von Süd-Afrika: IX. Freshwater Sponges," Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.) xxvii, pp. 559-568.
1909.Annandale, "Report on a collection of Freshwater Sponges from Japan," Annot. Zool. Japon, vii, pp. 105-112, pl. ii.
1909.Annandale, "Freshwater Sponges in the collection of the United States National Museum: Part I. Specimens from the Philippines and Australia," P. U.S. Mus. xxxvi, pp. 627-632.
1909.Annandale, "Freshwater Sponges collected in the Philippines by the 'Albatross' Expedition," ibid. xxxvii, pp. 131-132.
1909.Annandale, "Freshwater Sponges in the collection of the United States National Museum: Part II. Specimens from North and South America," ibid. pp. 401-406.
1910.Annandale, "Freshwater Sponges in the collection of the United States National Museum: Part III. Description of a new species of Spongilla from China," ibid. xxxviii, p. 183.
1910.Annandale, "Description of a new species of Sponge from Cape Comorin," Rec. Ind. Mus. v, p. 31.
1910.Stephenson, "On some aquatic Oligochæte worms commensal in Spongilla carteri," ibid. pp. 233-240.
1910.Annandale, "Note on a Freshwater Sponge and Polyzoon from Ceylon," Spolia Zeylanica, vii. p. 63, pl. i.

[K] Except in "Proterospongia," an organism of doubtful affinities but not a sponge. It consists of a mass of jelly containing ordinary cells, with collar-cells outside.

[L] Cf. Weltner, "Spongillidenstudien, V," Arch. Naturg. Berlin, lxxiii (i), p. 273 (1907).

[M] It is difficult to see any trace of them in thin microtome sections. A fragment of the membrane must be mounted whole.

[N] Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 269 (1907).

[O] Proliferation whereby more than one osculum is produced is really a form of budding, but in most sponges this has become no longer a mode of reproduction but the normal method by which size is increased, and must therefore be considered merely as a vegetative process.

[P] P. Ac. Philad. 1887, p. 162.

[Q] Q. J. Microsc. Sci. London, xxii. p. 229 (1882).