[12] One pound deducted for dress (usually shorts only).
[13] By subtracting sitting height from total stature.
[14] Cranial measurements are not distorted by cradling practice or other causes of deformation.
[15] Howells records skin color with the von Luschan scale. I have adjusted this scale to my own.
[16] + means medium or moderate; ++ means pronounced; +++ means very pronounced.
[17] Observation taken on the chest.
[18] W. H. Sheldon, The Variation of Human Physique, Harper and Bros., 1940.
[19] Birdsell, 1949, p. 120.
[20] Hooton, 1946, p. 621.
[21] Howells, 1933, p. 332.