Alphonse de Candolle, from whose studies much of our information on the origin of cultivated plants is derived, once prepared a list of our common vegetables showing their ancient homes, their wild ancestors, and the length of time during which they have been in cultivation. With some recent additions and corrections by Dr. Orland E. White of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the list is printed below:

The letters indicate the probable length of cultivation.

(a) A species cultivated for more than 4,000 years.

(b) A species cultivated for more than 2,000 years.

(c) A species cultivated for less than 2,000 years.

(d) A species cultivated very anciently in America.

(e) A species cultivated in America before 1492 without giving evidence of great antiquity of culture.

(f) A species or subspecies of very recent domestication.

Common NameScientific NameDateOrigin
Artichoke, GlobeCynara Scolymus L.CSouthern Europe, northern Africa, Canary Islands.
Artichoke, JerusalemHelianthus tuberosus L.EEastern North America.
AsparagusAsparagus officinalis L.BEurope, western temperate Asia.
Bean (Broad or Windsor)Vicia Faba L.B(?)Temperate Europe.
Bean (Pole Lima)Phaseolus lunatus L.ETropical America, Peru, Brazil.
Bean (Bush Lima)Phaseolus lunatus L.FEastern North America.
Bean (String, etc.)Phaseolus vulgaris L.DWestern South America.
Bean (Tepary)Phaseolus acutifolius GrayDSouthwestern United States.
Bean (Adzuki)Phaseolus angularis Willd.(?)China, Japan.
Beet (Chard)Beta vulgaris L.BCanary Islands, Mediterranean region, western temperate Asia.
Beet (Root)Beta vulgaris L.BEurope, Mediterranean region.
BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. botrytis DC.CWestern Asia.
Brussels sproutsBrassica oleracea var. gemmifera DC.CBelgium (?)
CabbageBrassica oleracea L.AWestern Asia.
Cabbage (Chinese)Brassica Pe-tsai BaileyBChina, Japan.
CarrotDaucus Carota L.BEurope, western temperarate Asia.
CauliflowerBrassica oleracea botrytis DC.BWestern Asia.
CeleriacApium graveolens L. var. rapaceum DC.CEurope.
CeleryApium graveolens L.BTemperate and southern Europe, northern Africa, western Asia.
ChivesAllium Schoenoprasum L.CTemperate Europe, Siberia, northern North America.
Corn (field)Zea Mays L.DMexico, northwestern South America (?)
Corn (sweet)Zea Mays saccharata Sturt.EEastern North America, New England.
Cress (garden)Lepidium sativum L.BPersia (?).
Cress (water)Radicula Nasturtium-aquaticum L.BEurope, northern Asia.
CucumberCucumis sativus L.AIndia.
Cucumber (gherkin)Cucumis Anguria L.FWest Indies.
DandelionTaraxacum officinale WebeCEurope and Asia.
Egg plant (aubergine)Solanum Melongena L.AIndia, East Indies.
EndiveCichorium Endiva L.CMediterranean region, Caucasus, Turkestan.
GarlicAllium sativum L.BKirghis desert region in Siberia.
Horse-radishRoripa Armoracea L.CEastern temperate Europe, western Asia.
KaleBrassica oleracea var. acephala DC.BEurope.
Kohl-rabiBrassica oleracea var. Caulo-Rapa DC.BEurope.
LeekAllium Porrum L.BMediterranean region, Egypt.
LentilLens esculenta MoenchAWestern temperate Asia, Greece.
LettuceLactuca sativa L.BSouthern Europe, western Asia.
MushroomAgaricus campestris L.CNorthern hemisphere (Europe).
Okra (gumbo)Hibiscus esculentus L.CTropical Africa.
OnionAllium Cepa L.APersia, central Asia.
Onion (Welsh)Allium fistulosum L.CSiberia, Kirghis desert region to Lake Baikal.
ParsleyPetroselinum Hortense Hoffm.CSouthern Europe, Algeria, Lebanon.
ParsnipPastinaca sativa L.C(?)Central and southern Europe.
Pea (garden)Pisum sativum L.AWestern and central Asia, southern Europe, north India (?).
Pea (wrinkled garden)Pisum sativum L.FEngland (?).
Pea (edible podded)Pisum sativum var. saccharatum Hort.CHolland, etc.
Pepper (red)Capsicum annuum L.EBrazil, western South America.
PotatoSolanum tuberosum L.EChile, Peru.
Potato (sweet)Ipomœa Batatas Poir.DTropical America.
PumpkinCucurbita pepo L.ESubtropical and tropical America.
RadishRaphanus sativus L.BTemperate Asia.
Radish (Japanese giant or Daikon)Raphanus sativus L.?)Japan, China.
RhubarbRheum Rhaponticum L.CDesert and subalpine regions of southern Siberia, Volga River.
RutabagaBrassica oleracea var. Napo-Brassica L.CEurope.
Salsify or Oyster plantTragopogon porrifolius L.C(?)Southeastern Europe or Algeria.
SpinachSpinacea oleracea L.CPersia, southwestern Asia.
Spinach (New Zealand)Tetragonia expansa Thunb.FNew Zealand.
Squash (winter)Cucurbita maxima Duch.E or DTropical America.
Squash (summer)Cucurbita Pepo L.ETemperate or tropical America.
TomatoLycopersicum esculentum Mill.FPeru.
Tomato (currant or raisin)L. pimpinellifolium DunalFSouth America.
TurnipBrassica Rapa L.AEurope.
YamsSeveral sp. including Dioscorea alata L. and D. Batatas Decne.B (?)Southeastern Asia, Africa and South Pacific Islands.

The following list of the common fruits also gives their native country, period of cultivation, and some additional notes about them. Those marked with a star were found in the markets of New York City by Dr. White, who also revised this list. The letters for the dates are the same as in the list of vegetables: