GUARANTEE SOCIETY.
When this company was first started, in 1840, for the insurance of loss against the dishonesty of clerks, there was a great objection raised. It was thought one of those vague and speculative undertakings of which England has seen so many, and one which would necessarily fail, because the master would hesitate to take an assistant who could only give the security of a commercial company. “The moral security is wanting!” was the exclamation of all. It was vain to answer, that this objection pointed both ways, as the relative would often give the desired bond, which a mercantile institution would refuse. Still the parrot reply was heard, and the solemn shake of the head was followed by “The moral security—where’s the moral security?” and was deemed sufficient to crush all argument derived from mere statistics.
Time passed, and it was discovered that because a banker’s clerk gave the security of a company, he did not become a rogue, but he did become independent. It was found, too, that the master could make his claim good on the company with far more promptitude than he could on a relative. It was nothing to say to a board of directors, “I will have justice and my bond;” but it was something to say to a broken-hearted parent, “Your son has ruined you as well as himself—discharge your obligation!” It is well known that bankers and merchants have often foregone their due rather than thus reimburse their losses: and it has been found that, notwithstanding the fact of the “moral security” being wanting, the societies which guarantee the master from loss by the servant have been very successful, are very serviceable, and are on the increase.
THE MEDICAL, INVALID, AND GENERAL.
Almost the only objection which could be brought with justice against the offices prior to 1841, was the habitual practice of refusing delicate and doubtful lives. Having, in the early part of their career, taken all who came without inquiry, they rushed into the opposite extreme, and refused all who were not undeniably strong. There were indeed a few offices which professed to insure invalids; but they had no statistical information; and they rarely, if ever, accepted a life unless it was obviously a good one. In 1833, Mr. Gilbart wrote, “We may hereafter have tables that shall show the expectation of life, not only in regard to people in health, but also to those afflicted with every kind of disease;” and in 1841 Mr. Neison established the above office, the success of which has confirmed the opinion entertained of his great ability.
AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE COMPANY.
In the year of the South Sea bubble, a wit of the day epigrammatised the proposal to insure horses and cattle, little thinking it would ever be carried out. Yet that some such institution was necessary may be gathered from the number of local clubs of this character established all over the country. These will probably merge in some agricultural insurance company like the above; and did this institution not take human life into its business, it might be more successful. The laws relating to life and to farming stock are very different, and a company devoted to the latter would be wiser than one which blends the assurance of agricultural property against disease, accident, fire, lightning, and the hailstorm, with ordinary life assurance.
THE RENT GUARANTEE SOCIETY.
This is another instance of the extension of insurance to a purpose which at one time would have been pronounced Utopian; and which, addressing itself exclusively to landed proprietors, promises to collect their income without trouble and without loss. When a tenant knows that his rent will be rigorously demanded, he feels that he must provide the money or pay the penalty. There are no qualms of conscience in companies; and though a man might try to play upon the easy good nature of his landlord, such tricks would be vain against them. Determined habits of thrift are thus engendered, property becomes more valuable, the landlord receives his rents regularly, and business proceeds like a machine. It may be said that the kindly feeling between landlord and tenant disappears beneath the iron sway of a public company; but however this may be regretted, it is only an inevitable consequence of the changes of capital and the consequent transfer of estates.