(b) By Star Chamber fines—large fines for slight offences.
(c) By illegal duties.
(d) By "ship-money" (Trial of Hampden).
His methods of establishing the English Church were:
(a) Religious oppression—chief agent, Laud; chief sufferers, the Puritans.
(b) Attempt to force the English Church prayer-book on Scotland led to rebellion.
This rebellion forced Charles to summon Parliament in order to raise money. Parliament refused to give money till their grievances were redressed. It was dissolved in three weeks. Urgent need of troops to keep back the Scottish rebels made Charles summon Parliament again in six months (1640). This is known as the "Long Parliament."
7. (a) Parliament first accused Laud and Strafford.
(b) The "Grand Remonstrance" named the illegal acts of Charles.
(c) This led to Charles' final blunder—the attempt to arrest the five members.