[15]. K. Burdach, Reformation, Renaissance, Humanismus, 1918, pp. 48 et seq. (English readers may be referred to the article Joachim of Floris by Professor Alphandery in the Encyclopædia Britannica, XI ed., Tr.)
[16]. The expression “antique”—meant of course in the dualistic sense—is found as early as the Isagoge of Porphyry (c. 300 A.D.).
[17]. “Mankind? It is an abstraction. There are, always have been, and always will be, men and only men.” (Goethe to Luden.)
[18]. “Middle Ages” connotes the history of the space-time region in which Latin was the language of the Church and the learned. The mighty course of Eastern Christianity, which, long before Boniface, spread over Turkestan into China and through Sabæa into Abyssinia, was entirely excluded from this “world-history.”
[19]. See Vol. II, p. 362, foot-note. To the true Russian the basic proposition of Darwinism is as devoid of meaning as that of Copernicus is to a true Arab.
[20]. This is conclusively proved by the selection that determined survival, which was governed not by mere chance but very definitely by a deliberate tendency. The Atticism of the Augustan Age, tired, sterile, pedantic, back-looking, conceived the hall-mark “classical” and allowed only a very small group of Greek works up to Plato to bear it. The rest, including the whole wealth of Hellenistic literature, was rejected and has been almost entirely lost. It is this pedagogue’s anthology that has survived (almost in its entirety) and so fixed the imaginary picture of “Classical Antiquity” alike for the Renaissance Florentine and for Winckelmann, Hölderlin, and even Nietzsche.
[In this English translation, it should be mentioned, the word “Classical” has almost universally been employed to translate the German antike, as, in the translator’s judgment, no literal equivalent of the German word would convey the specific meaning attached to antike throughout the work, “antique,” “ancient” and the like words having for us a much more general connotation.—Tr.]
[21]. As will be seen later, the words zivilisierte and Zivilisation possess in this work a special meaning.—Tr.
[22]. English not possessing the adjective-forming freedom of German, we are compelled to coin a word for the rendering of grossstädtisch, an adjective not only frequent but of emphatic significance in the author’s argument.—Tr.
[23]. See Vol. II, pp. 117 et seq.