[189]. This zero, which probably contains a suggestion of the Indian idea of extension—of that spatiality of the world that is treated in the Upanishads and is entirely alien to our space-consciousness—was of course wholly absent in the Classical. By way of the Arabian mathematics (which completely transformed its meaning) it reached the West, where it was only introduced in 1554 by Stipel, with its sense, moreover, again fundamentally changed, for it became the mean of +1 and -1 as a cut in a linear continuum, i.e., it was assimilated to the Western number-world in a wholly un-Indian sense of relation.
[190]. The word Höhlengefühl is Leo Frobenius’s (Paideuma, p. 92). (The Early-Christian Church of the Nativity at Bethlehem [A.D. 327] is built over a natural cave.—Tr.)
[191]. Strzygowski’s Ursprung der Christlichen Kirchenkunst (1920), p. 80.
[192]. See Vol. II, p. 101 et seq.
[193]. See Vol. II, pp. 345 et seq.
[194]. Müller-Decker, Die Etrusker (1877), II, pp. 128 et seq. Wissowa, Religion und Kultus der Römer (1912), p. 527. The oldest plan of Roma Quadrata was a “templum” whose limits had nothing to do with the building-up of the city but were connected with sacral rules, as the significance of this precinct (the “Pomœrium”) in later times shows. A “templum,” too, was the Roman camp whose rectangular outline is visible to-day in many a Roman-founded town; it was the consecrated area within which the army felt itself under the protection of its gods, and originally had nothing whatever to do with fortification, which is a product of Hellenistic times. (It may be added that Roman camps retained their rigidity of outline even where obvious “military considerations” of ground, etc., must have suggested its modification.—Tr.) Most Roman stone-temples ("ædes") were not “templa” at all. On the other hand, the early Greek τέμενος of Homeric times must have had a similar significance.
[195]. The student may consult the articles “Church History,” “Monasticism,” “Eucharist” and other articles therein referred to in the Encyclopædia Britannica, XI Edition.—Tr.
[196]. English readers may remember that Cobbett (“Rural Rides,” passim) was so impressed with the spaciousness of English country churches as to formulate a theory that mediæval England must have been more populous than modern England is.—Tr.
[197]. Cf. my introduction to Ernst Droem’s Gesänge, p. ix.
[198]. The oldest and most mystical of the poems of the “Elder Edda.”—Tr.