Whitney G = W. D. Whitney, Life and Growth of Language, London 1875.
L = Language and the Study of Language, London 1868.
M = Max Müller and the Science of Language, New York 1892.
OLS = Oriental and Linguistic Studies, New York 1873-4.
Wundt S = W. Wundt, Die Sprache, Leipzig 1900.
[PHONETIC SYMBOLS]
' stands before the stressed syllable.
· indicates length of the preceding sound.
[a·] as in alms.
[ai] as in ice.
[au] as in house.
[æ] as in hat.
[ei] as in hate.
[ɛ] as in care; Fr. tel.
[ə] indistinct vowels.
as in fill; Fr. qui.
[i·] as in feel; Fr. fille.
[o] as in Fr. seau.
[ou] as in so.
[ɔ] open o-sounds.
as in full; Fr. fou.
[u·] as in foorl; Fr. épouse.
[y] as in Fr. vu.
[ʌ] as in cut.
[ø] as in Fr. feu.
[œ] as in Fr. sœur.
[~] French nasalization.
[c] as in G. ich.
[x] as in G., Sc. loch.
[ð] as in this.
[j] as in you.
[þ] as in thick.
[ʃ] as in she.
[ʒ] as in measure.
[’] in Russian palatalization, in Danish glottal stop.