[Schliemann, Heinrich], a German explorer, born in Mecklenburg-Schwerin; excavated at his own cost the ruins, among others in Greece, of Hissarlik, in the Troad, believing them to be those of Troy; spent 12 years in this enterprise, collecting the spoils and depositing them in safe keeping in Berlin; died at Naples before his excavations were complete (1822-1890).
[Schlossner, Friedrich Christoph], German historian, born in Oldenburg; was studios of the moral factor in history, and gave especial prominence to it (1776-1861).
[Schmalkaldic League], a league of the Protestant States of Germany concluded in 1531 at Schmalkalden, Prussia, in defence of their religious and civil liberties against the Emperor Charles V. and the Catholic States.
[Schnitzer, Eduard], physician, born in Breslau; went to Turkey, entered the Turkish medical service, adopted the name Emin Pasha, and was appointed by Gordon medical officer of the Equatorial Province of Egypt, and raised to the rank of Pasha; soon after the outbreak of the Mahdist insurrection he was cut off from civilisation, but was discovered by Stanley in 1889 and brought to Zanzibar, after which he was murdered by Arabs (1840-1893).
[Scholasticism], the name given to the philosophy that prevailed in Europe during the Middle Ages, particularly in the second half of them, and has been generally characterised as an attempt at conciliation between dogma and thought, between faith and reason, an attempt to form a scientific system on that basis, founded on the pre-supposition that the creed of the Church was absolutely true, and capable of rationalisation.
[Scholiasts], name given to a class of grammarians who appended annotations to the margins of the MSS. of the classics.
[Scholium], a marginal note explanatory of the text of a classic author.
[Scholten, Hendrik], a Dutch theologian of the rationalistic school (1811-1885).
[Schomberg, Duke of], French marshal, of German origin and the Protestant persuasion; took service under the Prince of Orange, and fell at the battle of the Boyne (1618-1690).
[Schönbrunn], imperial palace near Vienna, built by Maria Theresa in 1744.