[Chlopicki, Joseph], a Polish hero, born in Galicia; fought against Russia under Napoleon; was chosen Dictator in 1830, but was forced to resign; fought afterwards in the ranks, and was severely wounded (1771-1854).
[Chloral], a colourless narcotic liquid, obtained at first by the action of chlorine on alcohol; treated with water it produces chloral hydrate.
[Chlorine], elementary, greenish-yellow gas obtained from common salt; powerful as a disinfectant, and a bleaching agent.
[Chloris], the wife of Zephyrus, the goddess of flowers.
[Chloroform], a limpid, volatile liquid, in extensive use as an anæsthetic; produced by treating alcohol with chloride of lime.
[Chlorophyll], the green colouring matter in plants, especially the leaves; due to the presence and action of light.
[Chlorosis], green sickness, a disease incident to young females at a critical period of life, causing a pale-greenish complexion.
[Chocolate], a paste made by grinding the kernels of cocoa-nuts.
[Chocktaws], or Chactaws, a tribe of American Indians, settled to civilised life in the Indian Territory, U.S.; the Chactaw Indian, with his proud array of scalps hung up in his wigwam, is, with Carlyle, the symbol of the pride of wealth acquired at the price of the lives of men in body and soul.
[Choiseul, Duc de], minister of Louis XV.; served his master in various capacities; was rewarded with a peerage; effected many reforms in the army, strengthened the navy, and aided in bringing about the family compact of the Bourbons; exercised a great influence on the politics of Europe; was nicknamed by Catharine of Russia Le Cocher de l'Europe, "the Driver of Europe"; but becoming obnoxious to Mme. du Barry, "in whom he would discern nothing but a wonderfully dizened scarlet woman," was dismissed from the helm of affairs, Louis's "last substantial man" (1719-1795).