The pilot has sometimes been confounded with a very different fish, which does not merely remain in the neighbourhood of the shark, but establishes itself upon him, and moors himself to him by the aid of a particular apparatus, for a longer or shorter time; we may even say during the whole of the voyage. This is the Remora.
Is this fish the messmate of the shark to which he is attached? As in the case of the pilot, an examination alone could decide the question. We have opened at the British Museum the stomachs of several remoras of different sizes, and we have been able to ascertain that they also fish on their own account; their food was
composed of morsels of fish which had served as bait, of young fish swallowed whole, and of some remains of crustacea. The remora is simply anchored to his host, and asks from him nothing but his passage. He is contented, like the pilot, to fish in the same waters as the shark which transports him. Sailors, even now, are convinced that if any one of these remoras should attach itself to the ship, no human power could cause it to advance, and that it must of necessity stop. It is certain that the fishermen of the Mozambique Channel take advantage of this faculty, to fish for turtles and certain large fish. They pass through the tail of the remora a ring to which a cord is attached, and then send it in pursuit of the first passer-by which they consider worthy to be caught. This kind of fishing resembles in some degree the sport of hawking with falcons.
So extraordinary a being could not fail to attract the attention of those among the ancients who were students of nature. Pliny assures us that the remora was used in the preparation of a philtre capable of extinguishing the flames of love.
There must be many free animal messmates among insects, and entomologists should make them known; for example, many of them live with ants, as the Pselaphidæ and Staphylinidæ. Certain hairs of these insects, it is said, secrete a sweet liquid of which ants partake greedily. If we may believe a skilful observer, Mons. Lespès, there are some among them, as the Clavigers, which in exchange for the services which they render are fed by the ants themselves. We may also mention the larvæ of the Meloë, which seem to live as parasites, and the true nature of which was so long unknown.
The females of the Meloë lay their eggs near the ranunculus and other plants whose flowers are regularly visited by bees. After these are hatched, the larvæ ascend into the flowers and wait patiently till a bee takes them on his back, and carries them into the interior of the hive. This insect was formerly known under the name of the bee-louse, but this appellation is improper, for the bee is not the host of the meloë, but simply its beast of burden. According to recent observations, flies perform the same office for Chelifers, and certain aquatic and land coleoptera for several kinds of acaridæ.
In the class of animal messmates we find also a coleopterous insect that lodges in a manner similar to the paguri, of which we shall presently speak. The female of the Drilus, a species allied to glowworms, attacks the snail, and when it has devoured it, instals itself in the shell, to pass through its metamorphoses; when necessary, it frequently changes its shell and chooses successively more spacious lodgings. Like a true Sybarite, the drilus weaves a curtain of tapestry before the entrance of its habitation, and remains there peaceably surrounded by the vestment of its youth.
Remarkable examples of free messmates are found more especially among crustaceans. It is well known that this class includes lobsters, crabs, prawns, and those legions of small animals which serve as the police of the sea-shore, purifying the waters of the ocean of all organic matters, which otherwise would corrupt them. They do not, like insects, shine with variegated colours; their forms are hardy and varied, and they are often pleasing on account of the singularity of their movements. Professor Verrill has recently studied some of
these creatures, and has clearly shown how interesting they are, not only to naturalists, but to people in general.
Crustaceans and worms furnish the greatest number of paupers and infirm individuals; and a great many of them need the continual assistance of their neighbours to enable them to get their living. While other animals advance towards perfection as they grow older, it is far different with many crustaceans, and we should be tempted to refer to the vegetable kingdom many of them at the very period when they are approaching the adult condition. Cuvier placed all the class of cirrhipedes among the mollusca, and the lernæans among the worms. Many of these animals which are but indifferently adapted to live without help from others, have recourse to benevolent neighbours; from one they seek only shelter, from another a part of his booty, from a third both an asylum and protection. They are often reduced to a mere skin; everything else has disappeared, and there remains no proper organ except that which is necessary for the reproduction of the species. Corpulent, blind, impotent, legless cripples, their existence is more precarious than that of those miserable mutilated beings found in our cities; they only live on the blood of the neighbour which gives them an asylum. Yet when they first quit the egg they are all free; they frisk, they swim with the rapidity of lightning, and at the close of life we find them deformed, and crouched in some living refuge, as if a foul leprosy had atrophied within them all the organs which served as a means of communication with the outer world. Parasites and messmates, furnished at first with the same kind of limbs and the