much changed them, that Cuvier and all the zoologists of his age placed them in the class of mollusca. The incrustations of their skin resembled shells, which these creatures generally carry in the substance of their mantle.
These ambiguous creatures are far from being microscopic; there are Balani which attain the size of a walnut, and some have been found not less than ten inches high, as the Balanus psittacus. Some years since we saw on a piece of floating wood, found by fishermen in the North Sea, Anatifæ on the end of stalks from six to seven feet in length. The anatifæ themselves were of the usual size. These cirrhipedes belonged to every geological period; they have already been found in the Silurian formation, but, unlike the trilobites their contemporaries, they pass through all the ages, and, far from decreasing, they reign as masters at the present time in the two hemispheres.
It was an English naturalist, Thomson, who first made known the true nature of these singular organisms. So far were many from understanding their affinities with the other classes, that even after the excellent researches of the Belfast naturalist, they doubted their correctness, and supposed that these animals were allied both to the mollusca and to the articulata.
We see by this the immense progress which embryological studies have caused us to make in the appreciation of natural affinities. No one at the present time, who has seen a cirrhipede hatched, can retain any doubt as to the place which it ought to occupy. These crustaceans, taken as a whole, lead a life in which we find
more than one contrast; all live as wanderers when they first leave the egg, and they are hatched in such abundance on the coast, that the water becomes literally troubled with them. At the first period of their life, they have a supple and elegant body, and fins admirably divided, and the gracefulness of the postures which they assume does not yield in beauty to those of the most brilliant insect. After having spent some time in seeking adventures, they are seized with disgust for a nomad life; they choose a resting-place, and establish themselves by means of a cable which they afterwards abandon, and shelter themselves in an enclosed retreat for the rest of their days. Many cirrhipedes choose the back of a whale or the fin of a shark, and make the passage across the Atlantic or the Pacific in less time than the swiftest steamboats.
In many of these, recurrent development (I was about to say degradation) sometimes proceeds so far, that their animal nature becomes doubtful, and more than one of them, having no longer any mouth by which to feed, are reduced to a mere case which shelters their progeny. The messmate very nearly takes its rank among parasites. There are also cirrhipedes which live on different genera of their own family; and some species which are always found in society with other species. Some also live as messmates with each other; some of the Sabelliphili have one of the sexes parasitical on the other sex.
Crustaceans are usually diœcious; but because of their manner of life, the cirrhipedes sometimes unite the two sexes and thus render the preservation of the species more certain. The whole family of the Abdominalia, a name proposed by Darwin, if I am not mistaken, have
the sexes separate; and the males, comparatively very small, are attached to the body of each female. It is a case of polyandria which we see realized in the Scalpellum. Darwin made known the existence of supplementary males, so small and so little developed, that they are with difficulty discovered, and so badly are they provided with organs that they have neither those of motion nor a stomach to digest. We have not exhausted the strange peculiarities of this particular group; there are some which live without shells and claws in the inside of other cirrhipedes, and atrophied males which only exist at the expense of their own females.
It is almost useless to make the remark that more especially here there exist almost insensible gradations of difference between parasites, messmates, and free animals, and we shall find more than one example of this in the crustaceans to which we now allude.
The most interesting fixed messmates are evidently those cirrhipedes, which, under the name of Tubicinella, Diadema, or Coronula, cover the skins of whales. They are, like all the rest, free in their infancy, but soon they take shelter on the back or on the head of one of these huge cetaceans, which they never quit when they have once chosen their abode. That which gives them great importance is, that each whale lodges a particular species; so that the crustacean messmate is a true flag which indicates in some respect the nationality, and it would not be without interest for voyagers who are naturalists to study these living flags.