free and attached to the lower surface of some medusæ. It exists occasionally in considerable numbers on the internal surface of some Acalephæ of the ocean and of the Mediterranean. Claparède has also observed another free cercaria which bears the name of Pachycerca.
Some of the cercariæ are very tenacious of life; we have kept some alive in fresh water during a whole week in the month of November, and on the last day they were still active (Cercaria armata). We sometimes find the cercarian age passed over, and the young distomes appear abundantly without tails in the sporocyst. We have seen an example of this in the Buccinum undatum of our coasts. This latter generation assumes in every case a very different form from that which preceded it.
Lodged and nourished without expense in the succulent parenchyma of their victim, the cercariæ grow rapidly, and as soon as their caudal oar is developed, they tear asunder the membrane which encloses them, and abandon their host in order to live freely as tadpoles. Some fine day, tired of their nomadic life, they choose another host, get rid of their tail, fold themselves up in a winding-sheet, like a chrysalis about to become a butterfly, and concealed in a sac, which is designated by the name of cyst, they wait patiently for days, weeks, or years till their host is swallowed by the creature intended to lodge them. The cyst is set free in the stomach of the latter host, its envelopes are dissolved in the juice secreted by its enclosing membrane, and with its whole establishment the worm recovers its liberty in this new abode.
The encysted cercariæ pass thus with arms and baggage into the stomach of a new host. Their envelopes,
not to say their swaddling-clothes, are torn to pieces by the gastric juice, and at the end of their stage they go and lodge in larger apartments, more appropriate to their new wants. The time of their celibacy is passed, and a numerous progeny, under the form of eggs, is prepared. In this condition they fulfil their last mission; and if their mother, the sporocyst, knew only the joys of agamous maternity, the cercaria which has just become a distome appreciates all the sweetness of sexual maternity.
The distome thus reaches the termination of its voyage and of its evolutions; it lays its eggs in the midst of the feces of its host, and millions of animalculæ watch for the new brood, while others wait for the visit of the ciliated generations. The daughter distome thus differs completely from her mother sporocyst, but she resembles her grandmother who has lived in the same manner as herself. Thus we have animals free and vagabond when they leave the egg, and which swim vigorously like infusoria without depending on others. But the end of their life approaches, they strip themselves of their ciliated mantle, and being again closely swathed up before they die, they seek the hospitality of a mollusc and give birth to their numerous progeny.
We have therefore animals whose little ones in swaddling clothes live at first at liberty, and seek for assistance when the moment for thinking of a family approaches. The descendants lead, like their parents, a wandering life; and as their mother threw off her ciliated cloak, so they abandon their oar-like tail, to think in their turn of family cares.
To sum up all, there are in the life circle of a distomian
two distinct forms, which begin and end in the same manner, the first putting forth a progeny by means of buds, the second by eggs. There is alternation of form, on account of the double multiplication (digenesis) and migration through several individuals. In other words, the young distome, before it reaches its destination, must change its train many times, and it wears in each carriage a different costume. We can easily understand how difficult it is to recognize this travelling distomian, as it changes continually its railway-train and its dress, and what sagacity must have been employed by naturalists in order not to lose its track.
We may give more than one description of the distomian embryo as it leaves its sporocyst. Is it a mother and an enclosed daughter, as is the case with aphides, or is the ciliated envelope merely a cloak? We think that the latter is the true interpretation. The ciliated mantle which the embryo loses, is a skin which has been thrown off in moulting, a simple effect of age.