Figs. 103 and 104—Tooling on heads.
The head and tail and edges are often decorated in higher class work. Of course the style of finishing is very limited on account of the smallness of the surface. Fillets and rolls are generally used for this work, being worked on the cap as seen in the illustrations, and always directed towards a central point. The gold for the head and tail and edges is cut to size on the cushion, the edges slightly greased, and the gold taken up by the book itself.
The accompanying illustrations give suggestions for the gilding of edges.
Figs. 105, 106, and 107—Tooling on the edges of the boards.
Fig. 108—Motive executed in the Düsseldorf Technical School.
Lining is done on almost all books. For this the "jigger" is used. It is heated so that it hisses slightly, and with one quick and sure movement is drawn along the straight edge. The line is drawn away from the worker, that is, contrary to the way one would draw a line with a lead pencil. Lines are drawn along paper, past back and corners, often also right round the edge, over leather or cloth and cover; the closer to the edge the more effective the line.
Many of the more costly books take a case to protect them from injury. For trade purposes this is simply cut from plain boards and remains uncovered.
