The Viking Age. Volume 2 (of 2) / The early history, manners, and customs of the ancestors of the English-speaking nations

by Paul B. Du Chaillu

Norway:

Tiberius Constantinus (578–582)	1	gold.
Mauricius Tiberius (582–602)	1
Constantinus V. Copronymus(771–775)	1
Michael III. (842–867)	1
Total	4	gold.
Sweden (1 Södermanland, 1 Gotland):
Justinianus I. (527–565)	2	gold.
Denmark (Bornholm):
Justinus I. (518–527)	1	gold.

In Sweden more than 250 Roman and Byzantine gold coins have been found, and year after year new ones are brought to light.

The whole number of Roman and Byzantine coins of the period before A.D. 850 found up to June, 1872, was—

	From the time before Augustus.	Augustus-Alexander Severus (29 B.C.-235 A.D.).	Alexander Severus-Theodosius (235–395).	Theodosius-Anastasius (395–518).	After Anastasius (518–850).	Total.
Mainland	3	12	4	37	1	57
Scania		584	14	19		617
Öland		88	2	106		196
Gotland	9	3,234	4	64	1	3,312
	12	3,918	24	226	2	4,182
Among these coins are—
Of gold		2	6	226	2	236
Of silver	12	3,894	1			3,907
Of copper		22	17			39

INDEX.

• A.
• Abbon, ii. [540]
• Accounts, Greek and Roman, i. [7]
• Ægir, i. [403]
• Æthelred, King, ii. [487]–492
• Æthelstan, King, ii. [465]–478
• Africa, i. [3]
• Alfar, the, i. [409]
• Alfred, King, the Powerful, ii. [465]
• Altars, i. [356]
• America, Discovery of, ii. [519] seq.
• Ammianus Marcellinus, i. [12]
• Amulets, i. [377]
• Angeln, i. [19]
• Antiquities, Abstract of, i. [1] seq.
• Antiquities, Greek and Roman, i. [259]–275
• Apples of youth, i. [49]
• Archæological track, i. [26]
• Arms and Armour, ii. [65]
• Arvel, the, Inheritance Feast, ii. [47]
• Asar, the, i. [23], [28], [30], [48]
• Asbjörn, i. [465]
• Asgard, i. [44]
• Austrriki, i. [22]
• B.
• Baldr, The Good, i. [33] seq.
• Battles,
  • Sea—Helga, i. [184]
    • Svold, ii. [188]–197
    • Jomsvikings, ii. [197]–208
  • Land—Brávöll, ii. [436]
    • Dúnheidi, ii. [441]
    • Brunanburgh, ii. [469]
    • Stamford, ii. [505]
    • Hastings, ii. [512]
• Bayeux tapestry, i. [15]; ii. [157], [160], [275], [304]
• Bergelmir, before the Creation, i. [36]
• Berserker, i. [56]; ii. [423] seq.
• Bertin, ii. [539]
• Betrothals, ii. [7], [16]
• Bifrost, Bridge of, i. [35]
• Björn (Brezki), the Britisher, ii. [206]–208, [534]
• Björn, son of Hring, i. [431]
• Black Sea and Sea of Azof, i. [25], [28]
• Boats, ii. [144]
• Bog-finds, i. [193]
• Bohuslän, i. [71] passim
• Bononia, i. [11]
• (Borislav) Búrislaf, ii. [160]
• Bracteates, ii. [332] seq.
• Britain, Settlement by Northmen, i. [17]
• Bronze Age, i. [84]–124
• Burials, i. [324]–342
• C.
• Cæsar, Julius, i. [8], [14]
• Cairns, vide Graves.
• Carausius, i. [11]
• Champions and Berserks, ii. [423] seq.
• Chariots and Cars, i. [294]–6
• Charlemagne, ii. [537]
• Children, Birth and bringing up of, ii. [30]
• Christianity, Struggle with Paganism, i. [464] seq.
• Chronicles, Various, i. [13], [20]
• Cimbric Chersonesus, i. [10]
• Civilisation of the North, i. [1] seq.
• Classes, Ancestry of, i. [487]
• Classes, Divisions of, i. [486] seq.
• Claudianus, i. [12]
• Coins found, i. [260]–263, [271]
• Coins chronologically arranged, vol. ii. Appendix III.
• Conduct of life, the, ii. [401] seq.
• Cosmogony, i. [27] seq.
• Creation, i. [29] seq.
• Cromlechs, i. [71]
• D.
• Debts and Debtors, ii. [235] seq.
• Denmark, Kings of, Appendix III.
• Derision, Penalty of, i. [589]–591
• Disir, The, ii. [411]
• Divorce, ii. [25]
• Dom rings, i. [369], [533], [564]
• Dress of men, ii. [285] seq.
• Dress of women, ii. [301] seq.
• Dreams, i. [456]–463
• Duelling, i. [563]–567
• Dvergar, the, i. [39]
• Dwellings, ii. [242]
• E.
• Edda, Earlier—Extracts from, passim
• Edda, Later—Extracts from, i. [30]–68
• Edmund, King, the Holy, ii. [457]
• Edward the Confessor, ii. [496], [501]
• Egil, i. [419], ii. [469] seq
• Egil i., his sorrow, ii. [414]; song, ii. [416]
• Eginhard, i. [23]; ii. [537]
• Eïrik Blood-axe and England, ii. [467]
• Eïrik, the Red, ii. [518]
• Ella, King, ii. [452]–456
• Emma, Queen, ii. [487]–490
• Engelhólm, i. [19]
• England—Origin of name, settlement, i. [19]
• Epithets of Odin, i. [56];
  • Valkyrias, i. [389]
• Epithets of the sea, i. [403]–404
• Epithets of swords, ii. [79]
• Epithets of spears, ii. [88]
• Epithets of axes, ii. [89]
• Epithets of arrows, ii. [91]
• Epithets of shields, ii. [95]
• Epithets of coats of mail, ii. [99]
• Epithets of warships, ii. [136]
• Epithets of battles, ii. [448]
• Epithets of warriors, blood, raven and eagle, the wolf, horses, fire, ii. [449]
• Eumenius, i. [10], [11]
• Eutropius, i. [11]
• Exercises, bodily, idróttir, ii. [369] seq.
• Exercises, mental idróttir, ii. [389] seq.
• F.
• Facsimile of Old Norse MSS., ii. [544]–550
• Fafnir, i. [435]
• Feasts and entertainments, ii. [274] seq.
• Fenrir, i. [41]–43
• Finds, chief:—
  • • Bavenhöi, i. [251], [280]
    • Blekinge, i. [170], [173]
    • Bohüslän, (ancient Vikin), i. [74], passim
    • Bröttby, i. [273]
    • Gökstad, i. [335]
    • Hjortehammar, i. [306]
    • Karleby, i. [75]
    • Kivik, i. [88]
    • Moklebust Eids, i. [339]
    • Nydam, i. [219] seq.
    • Thorsbjerg, i. [194] seq.
    • Treenhöi, i. [89]–91
    • Uby, i. [78], [79]
    • Valloby, i. [249]
    • Varpelev, i. [255]
    • Vimose, i. [108], [207]
  • Bornholm, i. [128], passim
  • Burgundy, i. [158]
  • England—Taplow, i. [319]
  • Fyen, i. [123]–127
  • Fyen, Bangstrup, i. [245]
  • Fyen, Broholm, i. [87], passim
  • Fyen, Kragehul, i. [216]
  • Fyen, Mollegaard, i. [128]
  • Jutland, i. [241], [248]
  • Ukraine, i. [245]
  • Wallachia, i. [159]
  • Zealand (Nordrup), ii. [225]
• Finds, ii. passim.
• France (Valland), ii. [464], [536] seq.
• Frankish Annals, ii. [536]
• Franks—Franci, Frakki, i. [10] seq.
• Frey, worship of, i. [351]
• Freyja, i. [64]
• Frigg, i. [28], [57]
• Frostathing, the, i. [465]
• Fylgjas, the, i. [413]
• G.
• Games, ii. [352], [357]
• Gardariki, i. [26], [51], [53]
• Gautaland, i. [60], [423]
• Genealogies of the Norse chiefs, i. [66]; ii. [479]
• Genealogies of the jarls of Normandy, ii. [464]
• Get-ae (Goths, Jutes) Thysa-Massa, i. [26], [343]
• Geography, old Norse, i. [52]
• Germany, i. [3] passim
• Gildas, settlement of Britain, i. [25]
• Ginnungagap, i. [29]
• Glass, i. [276]–284
• Glass, Earliest finds of, i. [126], [255]
• Godi, temple-priest, and Godiship, i. [525]–531
• Godwin—Gudini, ii. [491]
• Göngu Hrolf, ii. [462]–464
• Gorm, King, i. [456]
• Graves, vide Stone, Iron, Bronze Ages
• Graves, Remarkable, i. [247], [258]
• Graves, Various, i. [299], [318]–335
• Greece, i. [3]
• Greek and Roman antiquities, i. [259]
• Greenland, Discovery of, ii. [518]
• Grimnismal, i. [27]
• Ground-finds, i. [235]–246
• Gudrun—Song I., ii. [417]
• Gudrun—Song II., ii. [420]
• Gyda, ii. [492]
• Gyrd, ii. [512], [513]
• H.
• Hákon Jarl, i. [367], [467]
• Hákon the Good, i. [424], [464]–9, [475]; ii. [43], [466]
• Halfdan, i. [462]
• Halls and buildings, ii. [241]
• Harald Gormsson, i. [473]; ii. [479]
• Harald Gudinason (Godwin’s son), ii. [502] seq.
• Harald Hardradi, ii. [499] seq.
• Harald Harfagr, i. [361], [448]; ii. [514], [531]
• Harald Hilditönn, i. [22], [326]; ii. [436]–441
• Harald Knutsson and Hörda-Knut, ii. [496]
• Harbours, ii. [169], [177]
• Hávamál, the, ii. [401] seq.
• Hengist and Horsa, i. [20], [25]
• Heid the Sybil, i. [29]
• Heimdall, i. [35]
• Hel, i. [29], [32]
• Herodotus, i. [26]
• High-seat pillars, i. [361]
• Horses and Harness, i. [285]–291
• Hospitality, i. [433]; ii. [283]
• Houses, ii. [242]
• Hraesvelg, i. [38]
• Hrimthursar, i. [28], passim.
• Hrolf Kraki, i. [354]
• I.
• Iceland, Discovery of, ii. [514]–516
• Idavöll, i. [45]
• Idols, i. [375], [379]
• Idols, power of, i. [469]–472
• Idróttir (vide Exercises), list of, ii. [45]
• Indemnity, i. [544] seq.
• Insurance companies, ii. [233]
• Ireland, ii. [514], [516]–518
• Iron age, i. [125] seq.
• Ivar’s dream, i. [459]
• Ivar the Boneless, ii. [453]–459
• Ivar Vidfadmi, i. [22], [23], [68]
• Ividi, i. [29]
• J.
• Jarl, Attributes of, i. [487] seq.
• Jerusalem, i. [52]; ii. [500]
• Jomsborg, ii. [109], [162], [479]
• Jorsala, i. [52]
• Jomsvikings, ii. [197]–208
• Jörmungand, i. [42]
• Jötun, &c., i. [28] seq.
• Julian, Emperor, i. [12], [14]
• Jutes (Jotnar, Jötunheim, &c.), i. [26]
• K.
• Ketilbjörn, i. [358]
• King, Meanings and Grades of, i. [497] seq.
• Kissing, Laws on, ii. [24]
• Kjökkenmöddinger, i. [70]
• Klakkharald, i. [455], [456]
• Knut, the Mighty, the Old, i. [480], [486] seq.
• L.
• Land, Division, Law, Rights of, i. [487] seq.
• Landvoettir, the, i. [418]
• Language, Norse, i. [20]
• Laws of the early English tribes, i. [532] seq.
• Loki, i. [32] seq.
• London, ii. [481], [484], [489], [492]
• Louis le Débonnaire, ii. [538]
• M.
• Magnus, the Good, i. [186]; ii. [497]
• Man, Creation of, i. [45]
• Manni, i. [23]
• Manuscripts, Old Norse—facsimiles, ii. [544]–550
• Marriage, ii. [1] seq.
• Mediterranean, i. [3], passim
• Midgard, i. [44]
• Mimin’s well, i. [32]
• Mistletoe, i. [33]
• Mounds, vide Graves.
• Muspelheim, i. [30]
• Mystic signs and numbers, ii. [341]
• N.
• Nanna, the Goddess, i. [332]
• Niflheim, i. [29], passim
• Nine Worlds, the, i. [29]
• Njörd, i. [146];
  • worship of, i. [354]
• Nordimbraland, i. [20], passim
• Normandy, ii. [463], passim
• Nornir, the, i. [385]–389
• Norway, Kings of, Appendix III.
• Norsemen, Mythology of, i. [27], [44]
• O.
• Oaths, i. [553]–559
• Occupations of men, ii. [344]–351
• Occupations of women, ii. [362]–367
• Ocular delusion, i. [444]
• Odals, vide Land
• Odin, i. [28] seq.
• Odin of the North, i. [51]
• Odin’s religion, i. [343]
• Odin’s successors, i. [362]
• Olaf, King and Saint, i. [467]–476, [500], [540]–543
• Olaf, King and Saint, ii. [37], [179], [481], [492]
• Olaf of Sweden, i. [540]; ii. [480]
• Olaf Raudi, of Scotland, ii. [469] seq.
• Olaf Tryggvason, i. [351], [357], [377], [467], [473], [476], [506]–7
• Olaf Tryggvason, ii. [182], [480]
• Omens, i. [450]–455
• Öngulsey, i. [19]
• Ordeal, i. [559]–562
• Orkneys and Hebrides, ii. [531]
• Outlawry, i. [578]–583
• P.
• Paganism and Christianity, i. [464]
• Pálnatóki, Jarl, ii. [160], [534]
• Palestine, i. [3]
• Paris, siege of, ii. [540]–543
• Pillars, High-seat, ii. [516]
• Plan of Holmganga ground, i. [565]
• Pottery—Stone Age, i. [82], [83]
• Pottery—Bronze Age, i. [94], [95]
• Pottery—Iron Age, i. [137] seq.
• Precedence, ii. [251]
• Ptolemy, i. [10]
• Punishments, i. [368], [372], [476], [518]
• Punishments, ii. [236] seq., [243], [247]
• R.
• Ragnar Lodbrók, ii. [435], [450]–453
• Ragnar his sons, ii. [453]–459
• Ragnarök, i. [43]
• Ran, goddess, i. [403]
• Religion, i. [343] seq.
• Revenge, i. [584]–589
• Robbery, ii. [236] seq.
• Rock-tracings, ii. [116] seq.
• Rooms, names of, ii. [259]
• Runes, i. [154]–192
• Runes magical, i. [278], [439]
• Rune-song of Odin, i. [160]–163
• Russia, i. [4], passim
• S.
• Sacrifices (three principal), i. [344]–347
• Sacrifices human, i. [364]–374, [448]
• Sacrifices before a duel, i. [565]
• Sagas fully described, Appendix III.
• Sax, the, i. [15]
• Saxonicum litus.—Town or Army-list, i. [18]
• Saxons a misnomer, i. [18]–24
• Scaldship, ii. [389] seq.
• Scepticism among the heathen, i. [354]
• Scotland, ii. [532], passim
• Sculpture, i. [297]
• Sea-god and his Wife, i. [403]–408
• Serkland, Saracens, ii. [500]
• Shape-changing, i. [430]
• Ships, Levy of, ii. [187]
• Ships, Construction of, i. [162]–172
• Sicily, i. [3]
• Sigurd, Hring, ii. [433]–441
• Silence of Centuries!, i. [21]
• Slavery—freed slaves, i. [502]–514
• Sorcery, i. [401]
• Sorrow and mourning, ii. [414] seq.
• Spain, i. [3]
• Sports, ii. [351], [357], [361]
• Stone Age, i. [69], [83]
• Sue-ones, i. [7] seq.
• Suicides, i. [423]
• Suitors, bridal, ii. [2] seq.
• Superstitions, i. [430] seq.
• Svein, Tjuguskegg, King, ii. [479]
• Sri-ár, Sri-thjod, Swe-den, i. [7]
• Sweden, Kings of, Appendix III.
• T.
• Tacitus, i. [7], [15]
• Taxes, i. [187]
• Temples, i. [356]–361
• Thing, the, and its offshoots, i. [515] seq.
• Thor, i. [47]
• Thor, Worship of, i. [353]
• Thraldom, i. [502]
• Time, Divisions of, i. [37]
• Titles, i. [486] seq.
• Traders and trading-ships, ii. [249] seq.
• Turf-Einar, i. [372]; ii. [262], [263]
• Tyr, i. [35], [47]
• Tyrkir (men), i. [20]
• U.
• Ulf Jarl, ii. [490]
• Utgard, i. [44]
• V.
• Vafthrudnismál, i. [27]
• Val and its derivatives, i. [389]
• Valhalla, i. [420]–429
• Valkyrias, the, i. [387]–393
• Valland, France, ii. [463]
• Vanir, Their land and river, i. [52]
• Veneti, i. [8]
• Vends—Wends, ii. [160], [188]
• Vikar, Legend of King, i. [421]
• Viken, or Vikin, i. [19], [299], [473]; ii. [117], [462]
• Vili and Ve, Odin’s brothers, i. [30]
• Vindland, ii. [188], [479]
• Vinland, America, ii. [519] seq.
• Visma, shieldmaiden, ii. [441]
• Völuspa, the, i. [27]
• Volvas, the, i. [394]
• W.
• Waggons, i. [294]–299
• Wales—Bretland, i. [19]; ii. [534]
• Wall-ornamentation, ii. [247]
• War customs, ii. [102] seq.
• War ships, ii. [136] seq.
• Warfare, Mode of Naval, ii. [181] seq.
• Weapons, ii. [65] seq.
• Weather vanes, ii. [156]
• Weregild, i. [544]
• Wodin (see Odin), i. [28] seq.
• Wood-carving, ii. [244]
• William the Norman, ii. [512], [513]
• Witchcraft, ii. [439]–449
• Witikind, i. [18]; ii. [537]
• Women, position of, ii. [1] seq.
• Women, rights of, ii. [24]
• Women, restrictions of extravagance of, ii. [28]
• Worlds, the Nine, i. [29]
• Worship of men, animals, groves, i. [379]–383
• Y.
• Yggdrasil, i. [41] seq., [385]
• Ymir, creation from, i. [30]
• Yngvi, i. [64], [497]
• Yule sacrifice, i. [345]
• Z.
• Zosimus, i. [10]

---

[1]. To tie or join together. Tengdir = bonds or ties of affinity; tengda-modir = mother-in-law; tengda-fadir = father-in-law.

[2]. Powerful chiefs sometimes sent ambassadors to ask for the hand of the lady they wanted to wed.