[4.] Jermyn Chi-hung Lynn, Political Parties in China, Peking, 1930, gives the most detailed outline of political parties yet available. Bitterly anti-Kuomintang, the author became pro-Japanese in the autumn of 1937.
[5.] Harold M. Vinacke, Modern Constitutional Development in China, pp. 145-146, 150, Princeton, 1920.
[6.] See Wu, op. cit. in note 3, pp. 50-51, for the problem of constitutional succession.
[7.] Bertram Lennox-Simpson, who wrote under the pseudonym Putnam Weale, was an Englishman native to North China who spent his life editing newspapers, writing books, and playing the game of North Chinese politics. He was murdered in 1931. His books cover the period from the Boxer incident to the triumph of the Nationalists of Nanking, and—while not always reliable in detail—are stimulating contemporary documents. The Fight for the Republic in China, London, 1918, and The Vanished Empire, London, 1926, are very readable. His novels, which suffer from neglect, present some aspects of Chinese and foreign life in the North which are not dealt with by any other writer with the same qualifications.
[8.] A. N. Holcombe, The Chinese Revolution, pp. 96-101, Cambridge, 1930, discusses this point with clarity and vigor.
[9.] Jean Escarra, Le droit chinois, p. 133, Peiping and Paris, 1936.
[10.] W. W. Willoughby, the very competent and sympathetic adviser to the Chinese delegation at the Washington Conference, has written China at the Conference, Baltimore, 1922, and Foreign Rights and Interests in China, 2 vols., Baltimore, 1927. For further treatment of recent Chinese foreign relations see, among others, R. T. Pollard, China's Foreign Relations, 1917-1931, New York, 1933.
[11.] For the origin of this system see John K. Fairbank, "The Creation of the Foreign Inspectorate of Customs at Shanghai," The Chinese Social and Political Science Review (Peiping), vol. 19, pp. 469 ff., 1935-1936.
[12.] Paul M. W. Linebarger, Sun Yat Sen and the Chinese Republic, New York, 1924.