Psychological Warfare

by Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger

• Labor recruitment, [224]
• Lamb, Harold, [15]
• Laos, [262]
• Larson, Cedric, [103]
• Lasswell, Harold, [38], [97]
• Latin-America, [68]
• Lattimore, Owen, [15], [183]
• Laurel, José P., [157]
• Laval, Pierre, [157]
• Leadership, defamation of, [155]
• Leaflets
  • action leaflets, [231]
  • anti-exhibit leaflet, [96]
  • anti-radio leaflet, [86]
  • artillery, delivery by, [307]
  • B-29 raids, [168]
  • on Berlin, [57]
  • bombs, [307]
  • bundles, [228]
  • Bunker Hill leaflet, [21]
  • civilian-action leaflets, [222]
  • civilian-morale leaflet, [215]
  • for civilians, [207]
  • direct-reply leaflet, [120]
  • dispensers, [265]
  • distribution, [170], [171]
  • dropping procedures, [192]
  • field procedure, [228]
  • French Communist leaflet, [121]
  • ground-distributed leaflets, [86]
  • informational leaflet, [142]
  • loading, [172]
  • map leaflets, [235]
  • morale leaflets, [213]
  • news leaflets, [216]
  • packaged leaflets, [170]
  • Philippine leaflet, [2]
  • production, [190]
  • radio-program leaflet, [82]
  • rolling, [169]
  • spot-news leaflets, [221]
  • start-of-war leaflet, [198]
  • surrender leaflets, [230], [236]
  • surrender leaflet, AEF, [70]
  • surrender leaflet, improved, [239]
  • surrender form, radio, [83]
  • surrender, tactical, leaflets, [235]
  • troop-morale leaflet, [212]
  • troop-morale leaflet, gray, [214]
  • troop-morale leaflet, Nazi, [4]
  • World War I leaflets, [68]
• Legion of St. George, [84]
• Leighton, Lt. Com. Alexander, [97]
• Leites, Nathan, [290]
• Lenin, Nikolai (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov), [71], [263]
• Lenin Old Guard, [205]
• Leninism, [71]
• Letters, prisoner, [232]
• Lewis, Wyndham, [77]
• Leyte campaign, [123], [169]
• Lhasa, [168]
• Liaison
  • field liaison, [226]
  • mechanics of, [227]
• Liaison officers, PsyWar, [192], [226]
• Library of Congress, [137]
• Lienta University, [35]
• Limitations on American PsyWar, [278]ff
• Lippmann, Walter, [38], [103], [149]
• Listening, prevention of, [159]
• Literary personalities in propaganda, [290]
• Lo Kuan-chung, [8]
• "Localism," [295]
• Long, Huey, [38]
• Lorient, [227]
• Loudspeaker units, [237], [302]-[303]
• Loudspeakers
  • airborne, [307]
  • emplacement, [307]
  • vehicle-mounted, [239], [307]
• Luftpost, [220]
• Luxembourg, [168]

• MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, [157], [189], [257], [266], [301]
• MacDonald, Malcolm, [264]
• Mackall, Lt. Col. Samuel T., [7]
• MacLeish, Archibald, [279]
• Maginot Line, [213]
• Magsaysay, Ramón, [259]
• Mails, [206]
  • civilian personal, [219]
• Malai, [185]
• Malaya, [185], [209], [262]
  • Chinese in, [262]ff
  • government of, [263]
  • High Commissioner of, [264]
  • war in, [255]
• Malayan Races Liberation Army, [262], [295]
• Malingerer's black, [125]
• Manchukuo, [185]
• Manchus in China, [20]
• Mannheim, Karl, [3]
• Mao Tse-tung, [252], [263]
• Marx, Karl, [263], [297]
• Marxism, [70]-[71]
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology, [297]
• Materials, [194]
  • basic materials, [195]
  • enemy information materials, [122]-[123]
• McClure, Gen. Robert B., [266]
• McEvoy, Dennis, [208]
• Media, [56]
  • limitations, [48], [55]
  • prescription of, [27]
• Medical conditions, [36]
• Mediterranean Theater, [191]
• Mein Kampf, [65], [101]
• Merat, Edward K., [183]
• Merriam, Charles E., [186]
• Merrill's Marauders, [226]
• Mexican War, [23]
• Mexico, [68]
• Midianites, [3]
• Mikhailovich, Draja, [87], [89]
• Military goals, [199]
• Military Intelligence Division, [91]
• Military Intelligence Reserve, [301]
• Military Intelligence Service, [182]
• Military Propaganda School, [304]
• Military PsyWar since World War II, [299]ff
• Military Secretary, [189]
• Milton, George Fort, [21]
• Milton, John, [16]
• Ministry of Information, [64], [87]
• Miranda, [186]
• Mission, [125]
  • sense of, [26]
• Mobile Radio Broadcasting Company, [302]
• Mock, James R., [103]
• Mockery, [118]
• Money, [23], [209]
• Mongol secret weapons, [14]
• Monitor, submarine, [97]
• Monitoring, [111]
• Morale
  • analysis chart, [70]
  • enemy situation, [127]
  • general morale, [215]
  • German morale, [220]
  • index, [147]
  • operations, [211]
  • services, [34]
  • wartime morale, [156]
• Morgan, Dr. George, [289]
• Mortars, [69], [228]
• Moscow, [71]
• Moscow-Peking Axis, [294]
• Moscow trials, [79]
• Motion pictures, [210]
  • American, [90]
  • propaganda movies, [68], [81]
• Motive, [155]
  • attribution of, [155]
• Movie van, [175]
• Mutiny, [211]
• Mutual Security Administration, [273]

• Nagasaki, [106]
• National-level plans, [200]
• National Security Council, [269], [276]
• National Socialist German Workers' Party. See Naziism
• National War Aims Commission, [64]
• Nationalism and Communism, [295]
• Nationalists, Chinese, [75], [106]
• Naziism, [77]
  • and Communism, [77]
  • fifth column, [81]
• Nazi-Soviet struggle, [293]-[294]
• Netherlands and Indonesia, [257]-[259]
• "New British Broadcasting Company," [83]
• "New Democracy," [32]
• New York, radio facilities, [179]
• News
  • as intelligence, [135]
  • bad news, [136]
  • classified news, [136]
  • commercial facilities, [136]
  • good news, [136]
  • palatability, [136]
  • planted news, [84]
  • pre-action news, [232]
  • private facilities, [136]
  • procurement of, [137]
  • sources, [136]
• Newspapers, [220]
  • air-format newspapers, [207]
  • airborne newspapers, [13]
  • in American Revolution, [21]
• Nicolai, Col. Walther, [64]
• Nimitz, Adm. Chester W., [187]
• XIX Corps, [239]
• Normalcy, effects, [73]
• Normandy, [239]
• North Africa, [47], [202]
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization, [254]
• North Burma, [213], [226]
• North Korea, [263]
  • Communist army of, [295]
• Northrop, F. S. C., [290]
• Norway, [13]
• Nostalgic black, [133]
• Nostalgic white, [134]
• Novelty materials, [207]

• Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, [82]
• Obscene black, [141]
• Oestrous black, [137]
• Oestrous gray, [138]
• Offensive propaganda, [46]
• Office of Censorship, [53]
• Office of Chief of PsyWar, [266], [304]
• Office of Facts and Figures, [91]
• Office of Intelligence, Information, and Cultural Affairs, [184]
• Office of Inter-American Affairs, [184]
• Office of Strategic Services, [93], [273], [297]
  • in SWPA, [98]
• Office of War Information, [93], [269], [271], [297]
  • organization, [178]
  • outposts, [179]
  • quarrels with OSS, [94]
• Okinawa, [239], [263]
• Operations, clandestine, [192]
• Operations Coordination Board, [275]ff
  • functions and members, [276]
• Operations Division, GS, [94]
• Operations Research, [287]ff
• Operators
  • needs, [194]
  • qualifications of, [99]
• Opinion
  • analysis, [110], [141]
  • enemy opinion, [26]
  • enemy opinion profile, [145]
  • generalized opinion, [143]
  • opinion groups, [143]
  • sampling, [141]
• Order of battle, [192]
• Outer Mongolia, [168]
• Outpost Service Bureau, [182]
• Overclassification, [268]
• Overseas offices, [97]
• Overseas Operations Branch, [179]
• Overt act, [211]
• Overt propaganda, [44]

• Paine, Thomas, [23]
• Palestine, [38]
• Palmerston, Lord (Henry John Temple, 3d Viscount),[297]
• Pamphlets, [208]
• Panmunjom, [261]
• Parachute News. See Rakkasan
• Pareto, Vilfredo, [13]
• Parsons, Talcott, [3]
• Passierschein, [6]
• Pavlovian psychology, [26], [296]
• Pearl Harbor, [42]
• Peasant revolts, [20]
• Peck, Graham, [189]
• Percentage analyses, [145]
• Pershing's headquarters, [67]-[68]
• Persians, [8]
• Personnel limitations, [48]
• Persuasion, [25]
• Phase planning, [202]
• Philippines, [137], [185]
  • Communist war in, [255]
• Philosophy in propaganda development, [289]
• Photo exhibit, [176]
• Pictures, prisoners, [238]
• PK units, [223]
• Plain-clothes troops, [164]
• Planning, [194]
  • enemy plans and situations, [126]
  • failure of West, [264]
  • general plans, [199]
  • in research and development, [287]ff
  • pre-belligerent planning, [197]
• Point Four administration, [273]
• Poland, [13]
• Policy meetings, [97]
• Political Adviser, [187]
• Political background, [43]
• Political goals, [199]
• Political limitations, [48]
• Political officers, [159]
• Political warfare, [47]
  • in Indochina, [260]
• Political Warfare Executive, [87]
• Politics, home-front, [49]
• Polly planes, [239]
• Polo, Marco, [14]
• Postal propaganda, [206]
• Poster propaganda, [111], [176]
• Pre-belligerent stages, [80]
• President's Committee on International Information Activities, [276]
• Press analysis, [112]
• Presses, military, [169]
• Price, Byron, [53]
• Printing, [111], [230]
• Prisoners of war, [36]
  • propaganda value, [105]
• Private use of PsyWar techniques, [296]-[297]
• Problems, future tactical, [229]
• Projection in propaganda, [292]
• Promises, [52]
• Propaganda
  • analysis, [110], [128]
  • analysis procedure, [126]
  • choice in, [162]
  • commitment, [50]
  • conditions for effectiveness, [280]
  • defensive propaganda, [46], [101]
  • divisive propaganda, [46]
  • history of, [3]
  • organizations, national, [174]
  • propaganda addict, [78]
  • propaganda against propaganda, [100]
  • purposefulness in, [40]
  • re-use of, [102]
  • in seven small wars, [265]
• Propaganda Branch, [182]
• Propaganda Man, [153], [200], [205]-[206]
• Propaganda Platoon, [303]
• Propaganda Section, AEF, [67]
• Propagandakompanie, [223]
• Propagandists as spokesmen, [281]
• Propanal. See Propaganda analysis
• Proust, Marcel, [119]
• Prussia, [15]
• Psychological research in PsyWar, [292]
• Psychological Strategy Board, [271], [274], [276], [289]
• Psychological warfare
  • American agencies, [175]
  • definitions, [37], [276]-[277]
  • defensive, [216]
  • in Intelligence (G2), [304]
  • limitations, [48], [266]
  • in Military Government, [302]
  • Nazi PsyWar, [41]
  • new establishment in Army, [266]
  • organization for, [168]
  • personnel, [99]
  • in Plans and Operations (G3), [304]
  • policy, dissension over, [270]
  • tactical planning, [164]
  • training, [304]ff
• Psychological Warfare Board, [304]
• Psychological Warfare Branch, [93], [187]
• Psychological Warfare Center, [304]
• Psychological Warfare Division, SHAEF, [187]
• Psychological Warfare Facility, [177]
• Psychological Warfare School, [304]
• Psychological Warfare Section, [301], [304]-[305]
• Psychological Warfare Staff in FEC, [304]
• Psychologist, role of, [26]
• Psychology, [25]
  • new developments, [285]
  • relation to propaganda, [291]
• Psychology Section, AEF, [67]
• Public Affairs, Assistant Secretary of State for, [269]-[270]
• Public Affairs Officer, [272]
• Public Opinion Quarterly, [110]
• Public relations, [33]
• Publications Platoon, [303]
• Pushtu, [37]

• Quakers, [17]
• Quality as opposed to quantity in PsyWar, [307]
• Quantification, [291]
• Quasi-private operations, [273]ff
• Quisling, Vidkun, [32], [157]
• Quislings, [88], [157]
• Quotations, falsified, [84]

• Radek, Karl, [79]
• Radio
  • American operations, [91]
  • jamming, [159]
  • materials, [113]
  • short-wave, [203]
  • standard wave relay, [203]
  • support, [227]
  • suppression, [114]
  • tactical radio, [192]
  • wired radio, [113]
• Radio Broadcasting and Leaflet Group, [301]-[302]
• Radio Free Asia, [273]ff
• Radio Free Europe, [273]ff
• Radio in the American Sector, [270]
• Radio Luxembourg, [56]
• Radio Malaya, [264]
• Radio Saipan, [45], [203]
• Radio Tokyo, [113]
• Radio war, [81]
• Raids, B-29, [237]
• Rakkasan News, [168], [220]
• RAND Corporation, [297]
• Ration cards, [209]
• Reader's Digest, [90]
• Readiness, national, [251]
• Rearrangements in U.S. Government, [269]
• Recognition and delay, [244]ff
• Recruiting of Anti-Communist forces, [265]
• Red Army, [113]
• Red scare, [72]
• Reformation, Wars of the, [10]
• Religious black, [124]
• Reproduction Company, [302]
• Requirements, guidance, [195]
• Research and Analysis Branch, [90]
• Reserve groups, use in PsyWar, [304]
• Responsibility of propagandists, [135]
• Reston, James, [273]
• Results of PsyWar, [307]
• Revision of U.S. laws, [298]
• Revolution and Development of International Relations Project, [297]
• Revolution as opposed to living, [277]
• Revolutionary propaganda, [46]
• "Rockefeller Office," [91]
• Rockets, [21]
• Roosevelt, Franklin D., [4], [168], [175], [225]
• Roper, Elmo, [290]
• Rowe, David, [111]
• Royall, Kenneth C., [269]
• "Rum, Romanism and Rebellion," [49]
• Rumors, Mongol, [15]
• Russian Army of Liberation, [88]
• Russian combat propaganda, [105], [165]
• Russian Revolution, [71]
• Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, [273]
• Ryukyus. See Okinawa

• Sabine, G. H., [3]
• Saipan, [98]
• Salesmanship, [32]
• Samuel, Czar, [132]
• San Francisco, [203]
  • OWI in, [55]
  • radio facilities, [179]
• San Kuo, [8]
• Sargeant, Howland, [271]
• Saumaise, Claude de, [16]
• Scandinavia, [68]
• Schenke, Wolf, [81]
• Secret weapons, [129]
• Security
  • excessive security, [54]
  • security liaison, [55]
  • limitations, [48], [53]
  • security officers, [53]
  • procedures, [54]
  • supervision, [55]
  • unit security, [54]
• Selling, Lowell S., [27]
• Sex propaganda, [137]
• SHAEF, [176], [187], [212]
• Shans, [224]
• Shantung guerrillas, [204]
• Shells
  • artillery, [228]
  • chemical warfare, [228]
  • leaflet shells, [228]
  • smoke shells, [228]
• Sherwood, Robert, [93], [178]
• Shonan, [8]
• Siam, [47], [186]
• Sicherheitsdienst, [85]
• Singapore, [8]
• Small wars, seven, [255]
• Smearing, [157]
• Smith, Bruce Lannes, [38]
• Smith, Nicol, [182]
• Smith, Walter Bedell, [274], [276]
• Social groups, [143]
• Social sciences in PsyWar, [290]
• Socialists, Russian, [70]
• Solbert, Gen. Oscar N., [94]
• Source, [44], [122]
• South-East Asia, [186]
• Southwest Pacific, [187], [213]
• Soviet-German front, [214]
• Soviet propaganda, 1941-45, [51]
  • development of techniques, [294]
• Soviet PsyWar, [104]
• Soviet Union, [80]
  • policies, [282]
• Spain, [31], [68], [280]
• Spanish Empire, [20]
• Special Study Group, [91]
• Specificity in propaganda, [147]
• "Stab in the back," [65]
• Staff functions, [191]
• Stalin, Joseph, [51]
• Stanford University, [297]
• Stanley, Lt. Col. John B., [97]
• STASM, formula, [43]-[44], [120]
• Stassen, Harold E., [276]
• State Department, [184]
• State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee, [175]
• Statistical propanal, [131]
• Stein, Gertrude, [119]
• Sterber, Der, [214]
• Stewart, James, [189]
• Stilwell, Gen. Joseph W., [189]
• Stoddard, Lothrop, [186]
• Strafe, [63]
• Strategic operations in international information, [268]
• Strategic plans, [201]
• Strategic propaganda, [45]
• Strategic propaganda unit, [301]
• Streibert, Theodore C., [276]
• Strengths of U.S. propaganda, [279]ff
• Subject, [124]
• Submarine operations, [186]
• Subversive material, black, [121]
• Subversive operations, [88], [209]
• Subversive operations units, [173]
• Sultan, Gen. Daniel I., [189]
• Sung Dynasty, [15]
• Sun-Tzu, [28]
• Sunyatsenism, [75]
• Supreme Commander for Allied Powers, [189], [270]
• Surprise attacks, [129]
• Surrender, [211]
  • goal of PsyWar, [288]-[289]
  • procedure, [230]
  • surrender passes, [7]
  • psychology of, [212]
• Switzerland, [68]
• Symeon, [132]

• Tactical Information Detachment, [301], [303]
• Tactical propaganda, [45]
• Tactical propaganda unit, [301]
• "Target" leaflet, [256]
• Tartars, [15]
• Tatars, [14]
• Taylor, Edmond, [17], [41]
• Taylor, George, [182]
• Technical Cooperation Administration, [273]
• Technical Manual, [241]
• Teilhet, Darwin, [182]
• Temps, Le, [38]
• Tension
  • causes, [285]
  • in decision-making, [284]
  • in war, [284]ff
  • research on, [284]ff
• Terrain of propaganda, [150]
• Terror, strategy of, [41]
• Teutoburger Wald, [239]
• Theater Psychological Warfare, [187]
• Theater Psychological Warfare Officer, [187]
• Thompson, Dorothy, [273]
• Thomson, Col. Charles A. H., [39]
• Tibet, [168]
• Time, [123]
• Time-Life-Fortune, [90]
• Timeliness, [140]
• Timing, [1]
• Tito. See Broz-Tito
• Toilet training, [154]
• Tokugawa shoguns, [17]
• Total war and constitutional law, [42]
• Totalitarian parties, [78]
• Toynbee, Arnold J., [78]
• Traitors, [59]
• Troop indoctrination, [224]
• Trotzky, Leon, [71]
• Truth, [116]
• Turkish PsyWar, [17]

• Ukraine, [13], [88], [293]ff
• "Unconditional surrender" doctrine, [47], [103], [305]
• Unconscious mind, [26]
• Undercover organizations, [173]
• Underground Railway, [297]
• Understanding of the enemy, [292]-[294]
• Union of Socialist Soviet Republics, [292]-[293]
• United Nations Command in Korea, [305]
• United Service Organizations, [224]
• United States Information Agency, [269]
  • Director of, [269], [271]
• United States Information Service, [269], [276]
• Use of all government activities in PsyWar, [275]
• Uses of PsyWar, [299]
• Utley, Freda, [257]