[11] Woods, Frederick Adams, Mental and Moral Heredity in Royalty, New York, 1906. See also "Sovereigns and the Supposed Influence of Opportunity," Science, n. s., XXXIX, No. 1016, pp. 902-905, June 19, 1914, where Dr. Woods answers some criticisms of his work.
[12] Educational Psychology, Vol. III, p. 306. Starch's results are also quoted from Thorndike.
[13] Jean Baptiste Lamarck, a French naturalist, born in 1744, was one of the pioneers in the philosophical study of evolution. The theory (published in 1809) for which he is best known is as follows: "Changes in the animal's surroundings are responded to by changes in its habits." "Any particular habit involves the regular use of some organs and the disuse of others. Those organs which are used will be developed and strengthened, those not used diminished and weakened, and the changes so produced will be transmitted to the offspring, and thus progressive development of particular organs will go on from generation to generation." His classical example is the neck of the giraffe, which he supposes to be long because, for generation after generation, the animals stretched their necks in order to get the highest leaves from the trees.
[14] Boas, F., Changes in Body Form of Descendants of Immigrants, 1911.
[15] Civilization and Climate. By Ellsworth Huntington, Yale University Press, 1916.
[16] American Naturalist, L., pp. 65-89, 144-178, Feb. and Mar., 1916.
[17] Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. LV, pp. 243-259, 1916.
[18] Dr. Reid is the author who has most effectively called attention to this relation between alcohol and natural selection. Those interested will find a full treatment in his books, The Present Evolution of Man, The Laws of Heredity, and The Principles of Heredity.
[19] Principles of Psychology, ii, p. 543.
[20] Leon J. Cole points out that this may be due in considerable part to less voluntary restriction of offspring on the part of those who are often under the influence of alcohol.