7-7: mis hijos ...¡Hijos míos!: observe the variant forms mis and míos. For explanation see any grammar (possessive adjectives).
7-8: el rey Nerón: (i.e. el emperador). The Roman emperor Nero (reigned A.D. 54-68) persecuted the Christians, burning them as torches before his palace and making them fight with wild beasts in the arena.
8-1: ¡Pues no quiere su dinero!: well! if he doesn't actually want his money too!
8-2: No sé cómo: I don't know why.
8-3: le habéis robado: for dative le cf. note tomado a este hombre, p. 4, 3.