49-1: por el que: el que, la que, etc., are frequently used as pure relatives with the value of el cual, etc.
49-2: a Roma: cf. note a España, p. 35, 11. Rome was the capital of the estados pontificios, which included a large part of Italy. In the papal states the Pope exercised temporal as well as spiritual power.
49-3: Quirinal: cf. note p. 36, 4.
49-4: Sant-Angelo: (Italian), a fortified castle on the Tiber at Rome, defending the papal palace, the Vatican.
49-5: bandera tricolor: the tri-colored flag, the red, white, and blue flag adopted in France at the time of the Revolution.