The second period was the period of the discovery of the now famous canals,—a new era in the study of Mars opened by Schiaparelli in 1877 (Map [V]). Unsuspicious of what he was to stumble on, he seized the then favorable opposition to make, as he put it, a geodetic survey of the planet’s surface. He hoped this undertaking feasible to the accuracy of micrometric measurement. His hopes did not belie him. He found that it was possible to measure his positions with sufficient exactness to make a skeleton map on which to embody the markings in detail—and thus to give his map vertebrate support. But in the course of his work he became aware of hitherto unrecognized ligaments connecting the seas with one another. Instead of displaying a broad unity of face the bright areas appeared to be but groundwork for streaks. The streaks traversed them in all directions, tesselating the continents into a tilework of islands. Such mosaic was not only new, but the fashion of the thing was of a new order or kind. Straits, however, Schiaparelli considered them and gave them the name canali, or channels. How unfamiliar and seemingly impossible the new detail was is best evidenced by the prompt and unanimous disbelief with which it was met.
Map I. Beer and Maedler, 1840.
Map II. Kaiser, 1864.
(From Flammarion’s Mars.)
Map III. Résumé by Flammarion, 1876.
(From Flammarion’s Mars.)
Map IV. Green, 1877.
(From Flammarion’s Mars.)
Unmoved by the universal scepticism which rewarded what was to prove an epoch-making discovery, Schiaparelli went on, in the judgment of his critics, from bad to worse—for in 1879 (Map [VI]) he took up again his scrutiny of the planet to the detecting of yet more particularity. He re-observed most of his old canals and discovered half as many more; and as his map shows he perceived an increased regularity in his lines.