PLATES
Mars’ Hill[Frontispiece]
PAGE
The Hermitage[8]
The San Francisco Peaks[18]
Martian Maps by:
I.Beer and Maedler. 1840[26]
II.Kaiser. 1864[26]
III.Flammarion (Résumé). 1876[27]
IV.Green. 1877[27]
V.Schiaparelli. 1877[28]
VI.Schiaparelli. 1879[28]
VII.Schiaparelli. 1881[29]
VIII.Schiaparelli. 1884[29]
IX.Lowell. 1894[30]
X.Lowell. 1896[30]
XI.Lowell. 1901[31]
XII.Lowell. 1905[31]
South Polar Cap. 1905[42]
North Polar Cap. 1905[44]
Mare Erythraeum, Martian date, December 30[120]
Mare Erythraeum, Martian date, January 16[122]
Mare Erythraeum, Martian date, February 1[124]
Mare Erythraeum, Martian date, February 21[126]
Mars, on Mercator’s Projection[384]
CUTS APPEARING IN TEXT
South Polar Cap in winter[56]
Hellas in winter[59]

White south of Nectar and Solis Lacus[59]
Northern Cap hooded with vapor[64]
Northern Cap unmasked[65]
Deposition of frost[70]
First northern snow[72]
White in Elysium[75]
White in the Pons Hectoris[78]
Projection on terminator[101]
Lines in dark area[117]
Map of North America at the close of Archæan time[132]
North America at opening of Upper Silurian period[134]
Map of North America after the Appalachian revolution[135]
North America in the Cretaceous period[136]
North America, showing the parts under water in the Tertiary era[137]
Earth’s Desert Areas, Western Hemisphere[156]
Earth’s Desert Areas, Eastern Hemisphere[157]
Showing the Eumenides-Orcus[183]
Martian doubles[206]
Martian doubles[207]
Mouths of Euphrates and Phison. June, 1903[219]
Peculiar development of the Ganges[228]
Djihoun, the narrowest double[229]
The Sabaeus Sinus, embouchure for the double Hiddekel and Gihon[232]
The Propontis, 1905[247]
Fons Immortalis, June 19[254]
Utopia Regio. 1903[256]
Ascraeus Lucus and Gigas. March 2, 1903[258]
Peculiar association of the Luci Ismenii with double canals[260]
Lucus Ismenius. March, 1903[262]
Showing seasonal change. I[285]

Showing seasonal change. II[285]
Mean Canal Cartouches[298]
Showing development of the Brontes:
I.February 25[306]
II.March 30[307]
III.April 3[307]
IV.May 4[308]
V.May 7[308]
VI.July 18[309]
Cartouches of the Brontes[311]
Amenthes alone in February[319]
Amenthes feebler and still alone in March[319]
Appearance of Thoth with Triton and curved Nepenthes. Amenthes vanished, April 20[320]
Advent of the Lucus Moeris. May 29[321]
Amenthes with Thoth-Nepenthes. July[322]
Cartouches of Amenthes, Thoth, and their combination[323]
Phenology Curves—Earth[342]
Phenology Curves—Mars[343]

PART I
NATURAL FEATURES

MARS AND ITS CANALS

CHAPTER I
ON EXPLORATION

From time immemorial travel and discovery have called with strange insistence to him who, wondering on the world, felt adventure in his veins. The leaving familiar sights and faces to push forth into the unknown has with magnetic force drawn the bold to great endeavor and fired the thought of those who stayed at home. Spur to enterprise since man first was, this spirit has urged him over the habitable globe. Linked in part to mere matter of support it led the more daring of the Aryans to quit the shade of their beech trees, reposeful as that umbrage may have been, and wander into Central Asia, so to perplex philologists into believing them to have originated there; it lured Columbus across the waste of waters and caused his son to have carved upon his tomb that ringing couplet of which the simple grandeur still stirs the blood:—

Á Castilla y á Leon

Nuevo mondo dió Colon;

(To Castile and Leon beyond the wave

Another world Columbus gave;)