Institute of Archæology,

University of Liverpool. 1905.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
Preface[V]
Introduction to the Study of Egyptian Seals:—
(1) General Remarks[1]
(2) Importance of the Seal in Ancient Times[4]
(3) Origin of the Seal[8]
(4) The various Uses of the Seal:—
(a) For securing property[12]
(b) For authenticating documents, etc.[22]
(c) For transference of authority[26]
(5) The Egyptian Officials concerned in the use of the Seal[29]
(6) Seal Engravers and the Technique of Seal Engraving[40]
The Varieties of Egyptian Seals:—
(1) Cylinder Seals[43]
(2) Button-shaped Seals and Hemi-Cylinders[56]
(3) Beetle-shaped Seals (Scarabs)[61]
(4) Miscellaneous forms[85]
(5) Signet-rings[92]
Description of the Specimens illustrated in the Plates I-XLV[97]
Indices:—
To Personal Names[201]
To Titles[205]
To Royal Names:—
(a) Kings[211]
(b) Queens[216]
(c) Princes[217]
(d) Princesses[218]
Footnotes[304]

LIST OF PLATES AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

Plate I. Some specimens of rings[Frontispiece].
ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.
Fig. PAGE
1, 2.Two jars of the First Dynasty, to illustrate the ancient method of sealing[13]
3, 4.Complete jar neck, bearing the stamp of Amasis[14]
5-7.Jars showing method of securing contents. (From paintings in the tombs at Beni Hasan)[16]
8.A man sealing up a honey jar. (From a tomb at Abusîr)[17]
9.A sealed jar. (From a painting in a tomb at Medûm)[17]
10.A sealed bag. (From a painting in a tomb at Medûm)[17]
11.Sealing of doors[20]
12.Securing of folding doors[21]
13.Sealing of boxes[22]
14.A papyrus roll, tied up and sealed[23]
15.The office of the Superintendent of the Seal[35]
16.The working of the bow drill. (From the tomb of Rekhmara)[42]
17.A mounted cylinder-seal. (In the Louvre)[45]
18.A Cylinder-seal. (Figured in a tomb at Medûm)[45]
19.Cylinder-seal. (Figured in a tomb at Sakkara)[45]
20.An early cylinder-seal[46]
21.A cylinder-seal bearing the name of Merŷ-ra. (In the collection of Mr. Piers)[46]
22.A cylinder-seal of Amenemhat III[47]
23.A cylinder-seal of Khŷan. (Cairo)[47]
24.A cylinder-seal of Sen-mut. (Petrie Collection)[47]
25.Impression from a cylinder-seal in the Berlin Museum[49]
26.Impression from a cylinder-seal in the Berlin Museum[50]
27.Cylinder-seal bearing personal name[51]
28.Cylinder-seal bearing rude hieroglyphic inscriptions written in vertical columns[52]
29.Royal seal of Narmer, predecessor of Mena, reproduced in outline[53]
30.Royal seal of Zer, Mena’s successor; gives besides the name a figure of the monarch[53]
31.Official cylinder-seal, with royal name[55]
32.Official cylinder-seal bearing the name and titles of officials[55]
33.Button-shaped seal[56]
34.Hemi-cylinder seal[56]
35.Button-shaped seal[57]
36.Button-shaped seal[57]
37.Button-shaped seal[57]
38.Button-shaped seal[57]
39.Button-shaped seal[58]
40.Button-shaped seal[58]
41.Button-shaped seal[59]
42.Button-shaped seal[59]
43.Button-shaped seal[59]
44.Button-shaped seal[59]
45.Button-shaped seal[59]
46.Button-shaped seal[59]
47.Hemi-cylinder seal[60]
48.Hemi-cylinder seal[60]
49.Hemi-cylinder seal[60]
50.Hemi-cylinder seal[60]
51.Hemi-cylinder seal[60]
52.Clay stamp from the terramare of Montale in the Modenese[61]
53.Scarab-shaped seal worn on the finger, attached by a piece of string[62]
54.Scarab-shaped seal mounted as swivel to metal ring[62]
55.Scarab-shaped seal enclosed in metal frame or funda[62]
56.Scarab bearing the name of Mer-en-ra[68]
57.Scarab bearing the names Thothmes III and Amenhetep II[68]
58.Specimen of a Scarab-beetle (the real Scarabæus sacer)[70]
59.Specimens of scarabs from El Mahasna[70]
60.Specimen scarabs of the Twelfth Dynasty[71]
61.Specimen scarabs of the Twelfth Dynasty[71]
62.Specimen scarabs of the Twelfth Dynasty[71]
63.Specimen scarabs of the Twelfth Dynasty[71]
64.Specimen scarabs of the Thirteenth Dynasty[72]
65.Specimen scarabs of the Hyksos Period[72]
66.Specimen scarabs of the Hyksos Period[72]
67.Specimen scarabs of the Hyksos Period[72]
68.Specimen scarabs of the Hyksos Period[73]
69.Specimen scarabs of the Hyksos Period[73]
70.Specimen scarabs of the Early Eighteenth Dynasty[73]
71.Specimen scarabs of the Early Eighteenth Dynasty[73]
72.Specimen scarabs of the Early Eighteenth Dynasty[74]
73.Specimen scarabs of the Middle Eighteenth Dynasty[74]
74.Specimen scarabs of the Amenhetep III[74]
75.Specimen scarabs of the Nineteenth Dynasty[74]
76.Specimen scarabs of the Nineteenth Dynasty[75]
77.Specimen scarabs of the Nineteenth Dynasty[75]
78.Specimen scarabs of the Nineteenth Dynasty[75]
79.Specimen scarabs of the Nineteenth Dynasty[75]
80.Specimen scarabs of the Ethiopian dominion[76]
81.Specimen scarabs of the Ethiopian dominion[76]
82.Scarab of Usertsen I[80]
83.A seal of the Twelfth Dynasty[85]
84.A seal of the Eighteenth Dynasty[85]
85.A seal of the Eleventh Dynasty[86]
86.A seal of the Eleventh Dynasty[86]
87.A seal bearing the name of King Mentuhetep[87]
88.Specimen seals of the Eighteenth Dynasty[87]
89.Specimen seals of the Eighteenth Dynasty[87]
90.Specimen seals of the Eighteenth Dynasty[87]
91.Specimen seals of the Eighteenth Dynasty[87]
92.Specimen seals of the Eighteenth Dynasty[87]
93.A seal bearing the name of King Amenemhat III[88]
94.A stamp seal[88]
95.A seal bearing the name of King Seqen-en-ra[89]
96.A seal bearing the name of King Sa-Amen[89]
97.A stamp seal[89]
98.A seal bearing the name of King Thothmes III[90]
99.A seal bearing the name of the Hyksos Period[90]
100.A seal bearing the name of the Twelfth Dynasty[90]
101.A seal bearing the name of the Twelfth Dynasty[90]
102.A seal bearing the name of the Eighteenth Dynasty[90]
103.A seal bearing the name of Rameses II[90]
104.A seal of the Saïte Period[91]
105.A seal of Thirtieth Dynasty[91]
106.A seal of Nekhtenebo[92]
107.A ring of Usertsen III[93]
108.A ring of the Thirteenth Dynasty[93]
109.A ring of the Thirteenth Dynasty[93]
110.A ring of Thothmes III[94]
111.A ring of the period of Akhenaten[94]
112.A ring of the Twentieth Dynasty[94]
113.A ring of the Twentieth Dynasty[94]
114.A ring of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty[95]
115.A ring of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty[95]
116.A ring of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty[95]