Fig. 16. Restoration of Calymene senaria Conrad, based upon data obtained from the study of the translucent sections made by Doctor Walcott. Prepared by Doctor Elvira Wood, under the supervision of the author. About twice natural size.
Relation of Hypostoma to Cephalon in Calymene.
In Calymene the shape of the hypostoma bears little relation to the shape of the glabella, and it is relatively smaller, both shorter and narrower, than in Ceraurus. In shape, neglecting the side lappets at the front, it is somewhat rectangular, but rounded at the back, where it is bifurcated by a shallow notch. The anterior edge has a narrow flange all across, which is turned at almost right angles to the plane of the appendage, and which fits against the doublure of the free cheeks at the sides and against the epistoma in the middle. The side lappets show on their inner (upper) surface shallow pits, one on each lappet, which fit over projections that on the dorsal surface show as deep pits in the bottom of the dorsal furrows in front of the anterior glabellar furrows. The appendifers on the head in Calymene take the form of curving projections of shell underneath the glabellar and neck furrows, and owing to the narrowness of the hypostoma, all these are visible from the ventral side, even with it in position. This shield extends back about 0.6 of the length of the cephalon, and to a point a little behind the second glabellar furrow from the back of the head.
In Doctor Walcott's restoration of Calymene he has represented all four pairs of biramous appendages as articulating back of the posterior end of the hypostoma. I think his sections indicate that the gnathobases of two pairs of these appendages rested alongside or beneath it, and in particular, the longitudinal sections (1881, pl. 5) would appear to show that the mouth was some distance in advance of its posterior end.
(Text [fig. 16].)
From what has been said above, it is evident that for a restoration of the appendages of Calymene considerable dependence must be placed upon analogy with other trilobites. Nothing is positively known of the antennules, the exopodites of the cephalon, or any appendages, other than coxopodites, of the pygidium, but all were probably present. It is inferred from the slices that the first two pairs of cephalic appendages were poorly developed, the endopodites short and very slender, the coxopodites lying parallel to the sides of the hypostoma and nearly or quite functionless. The gnathites of the last two pairs of cephalic appendages are large, closely approximated at their inner ends, and bear small tooth-like spines. The endopodites are probably somewhat better developed than the anterior ones and more like those on the thorax.
The coxopodites of the thorax appear to have had nearly cylindrical endobases which tapered inward. The endopodites were slender, tapering gradually outward, and probably did not extend beyond the dorsal test. Small spines were present on the distal end of each segment. Each exopodite had a long, slender, unsegmented shaft, to which were attached numerous long, overlapping, flattened setæ. The shaft may have been angulated near the proximal end, and may have been directed somewhat forward and outward as in Neolenus, but the evidence on this point is unsatisfactory. The number of pairs of appendages is that determined by Walcott from longitudinal sections, namely, four pairs on the cephalon beside the antennules, thirteen pairs in the thorax, and nine pairs on the pygidium.