Sculptured tombs of Hellas

by Percy Gardner

Oxford, August, 1896.

PS. Most of the abbreviations used in the notes will explain themselves; but I should explain the following:—

C. A. G. (‘Corpus of Attic Grave-reliefs’) is Die Attischen Grabreliefs, ed. A. Conze.

Kaibel, is G. Kaibel, Epigrammata Graeca ex Lapidibus conlecta.

TABLE OF CONTENTS AND INDEX

[CHAPTER I BURIAL CUSTOMS IN GREECE.]
Importance attached to burial, [1]. The Prothesis, [2]; illustrated by vases, [3]. Presence of ghosts, [4]. The Ecphora, on archaic vases, [5]; on later monuments, [6]. Sleep and Death, [7]. Custom of burning, [9]. Funeral feast and speeches, [11].
[CHAPTER II THE WORSHIP OF THE DEAD.]
Primitive beliefs as to needs of dead, [12]. Liberality to the dead in archaic times, [12]. Terra-cotta offerings, [13]. Sacrifices at tombs, [14]. Evidence of excavations, [16]. Classes of heroes, [17]. Evidence of sepulchral lekythi, [18]. Presence of the dead in representations, [19].
[CHAPTER III BELIEFS AS TO THE FUTURE LIFE.]
Question what became of the dead, [23]. Homeric beliefs; Hades, [25]; visit to Hades of Odysseus, [26]; Islands of the Blessed, [27]. Influence of Orphism, [28]. Paintings of Polygnotus at Delphi, [30]; Charon, [31]; Theseus and Peirithous, [32]; Orpheus, [33]; the Uninitiated, [34]; Eurynomus, [35]. Painting on vase of Canusium, [36]; Orpheus, [37]; Herakles and Cerberus, [37]; Megara, [38]; Initiated, [38]. Comparison of Greek and Christian Hades, [39]. Development of the Eumenides, [40]. Conflict between ritual and ethics, [42]. Hades in the Tragedians, [43]. Localization of ghosts, [44].
[CHAPTER IV THE PRE-HISTORIC AGE OF GREECE.]
So-called treasuries of early Greece, [46]; at Mycenae, [47]; really tombs, [51]; various forms, [51]. Rock-graves at Mycenae, [52]; their tombstones, [54]; subjects and style of art, [57].
[CHAPTER V ASIA MINOR: EARLY.]
Early Ionian civilization not yet excavated, [59]. Tomb of Tantalus on Sipylus, [60]. Geometric tombs of Phrygia, [62]; Lion-tombs, [64]; their chronology, [66]; relation to Mycenae, [67]. Archaic tombs of Lycia, [67]; pre-Ionian art, [68]; the Harpy Monument, [69]; Sirens, [73]; other Lycian tombs, [74].
[CHAPTER VI SPARTA.]
Relief of Chrysapha, [76]; its meaning, [77]; other similar tombs, [78]. Cultus of ancestors at Sparta, [80]. Details of reliefs; honour paid to women, [81]; food of the dead, [82]; horse and dog, [83].
[CHAPTER VII HEROIZING RELIEFS.]
Distinction of tombs from commemorative tablets, [87]. Lines of descent from Spartan reliefs, [88]. Athenian banqueting reliefs, [88]. Customs of sitting and reclining, [89]. Tegean relief, [90]. Presence of votaries, [91]. Asklepian tablets, [92]. Tablets to heroes and to ancestors, [93]. The hero as horseman, [94]; accompanied by lady, [98]. Votive tablets from Tarentum, [100]. The hero as foot-soldier, [102]; unarmed, [103].
[CHAPTER VIII ATHENS: PERIODS AND FORMS OF MONUMENTS.]
Graves of Dipylon style at Athens, [105]. Periods of Athenian monuments, [106]. First period, the mound and stele, [108]; the table, [109]; the pillar, [110]. Early Athenian tombs usually of the young, [111]. Second period; forms of tombs, [112]; marble vases, [113]. Tombs usually of families, [116]. The use of painting and metal on marble, [116]. Determination of dates of tombs, [117]. Third period, [118]. Preservation of part of cemetery at Athens, [118]. Architectural decoration of tombs; the acanthus, [119]; the sphinx, [121]; the siren, [126]; goats butting, [128]; the lion, [130]; the bull, [131].
[CHAPTER IX ATHENS AND GREECE. PORTRAITS.]
Portraits of the dead originate in Ionia, [133]. Portraits at Athens, [134]; their ideal character, [134]. Portrait statues, [135]; on horseback or on foot, [136]; female figures, [137]. The dead as Hermes, [138]. Statues of mourning women, [139]. Portraits on stelae, first period, [140]; Aristion, Lyseas, [141]; stelae of youths, [143]. Second period, stelae of citizens, [145]; stelae of warriors, [146]; Dexileos, [147]; young athletes, [149]; hunters, [152]; students, [153]; shipwrecked men, [154]; children, [154]; matrons, [157]; girls, [158]; priestesses, [160].
[CHAPTER X FAMILY GROUPS.]
Pathos and charm of Attic groups, [162]. Predominance of women, [163]. Women and children in later Greece, [163]. Stelae with father and children, [164]; mother and children, [166]. Family groups, [167]. Series of groups representing leave-taking, [168]; series representing self-adornment, [171]. Stele of Phaenarete, [173]. Stele of Ameinocleia, [176]. Dressing for a journey or offerings to the dead? [176]. Domestic interiors or scenes at the tomb? [178]. Several stone lekythi on one slab, [178]. Occasional appearance of Hermes, [180].
[CHAPTER XI MEANING AND STYLE OF THE RELIEFS.]
Do the Attic reliefs refer to past or future life? [182]. Line of connexion with Spartan stelae, [182]; the wine-cup, the pomegranate, the cock, [183]; the dove, the horse, [184]; the dog, [185]. Reliefs which clearly refer to past life, [185]. The δεξίωσις, [186]. We must distinguish between origin and meaning of reliefs, [187]. Oblong reliefs refer to the future, [188]; in them Herakles and Dionysus sometimes present, [189]. Style of archaic reliefs, [190]; bear name of sculptor, [191]. Lower level of style in fifth-century reliefs, [191]. Fourth-century reliefs connected with the second Attic school of sculpture, [193].
[CHAPTER XII INSCRIPTIONS.]
Simplicity of inscriptions on early stelae, [195]. Explicatory character of inscriptions, [196]. Occurrence of χαῖ�ε, [197]. Inscription of Dexileos, [197]. Longer inscriptions after the fourth century, [197]. Specimens of public epitaphs over warriors, [198]; over others, [201]. Specimens of later inscriptions, [203]; sentiments as to life, [204]; statements as to the future life, [204]. Orphism in epitaphs, [206]. Threats to violators, [207]. Epitaphs of the Palatine Anthology, [208].
[CHAPTER XIII LATER MONUMENTS OF ASIA MINOR.]
Splendour of Asiatic Greek tombs, [214]. The Lycian Nereid Monument, [215]; its sculptures, [216]; its occasion, [219]; its date, [220]. Relation to Ionian school of historical painting, [221]. The heroon of Gyeulbashi, [221]; subjects of sculpture, [223]; relation to painters, [224]. The Lion-tomb of Cnidus, [225]. Greek graves in the Crimea, [226].
[CHAPTER XIV THE MAUSOLEUM.]
Interesting problem of reconstruction, [228]. Plans of Pullan and Oldfield, [230]. Testimony of ancient writers, Hyginus, Martial, [232]; Pliny, [233]. Account of excavation by Guichard, [236]. Analogy of other buildings, [239]. The statues of Mausolus and Artemisia, where placed, [240]. Other sculptural remains, [241].
[CHAPTER XV GREEK SARCOPHAGI.]
Discovery of sarcophagi at Sidon, [243]. Archaic sarcophagi of Clazomenae, [243]. Sarcophagus of the Satrap at Sidon, [245]; its connexion with history, [246]; and with Ionian art, [247]. The Lycian sarcophagus, [248]; ideal character, [248]. The sarcophagus of the Mourning Women, [249]; variety in expression of grief, [251]; likeness to temple, [251]; perhaps belongs to King Strato, [252]. The Alexander sarcophagus, [252]; dress of Greeks and Persians, [253]; subjects of pediments, [253]; the lion-hunt, [255]; the battle, [256]; perhaps belongs to Abdalonymus, [258]; of uncertain artistic school, [258]. The Amazon sarcophagus of Vienna, [258].

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
WITH THEIR SOURCES

CHAPTER I
			PAGE
Fig.	[1.]	Lying in State. Benndorf, Griech. u. Sicil. Vasenb., pl. i.	[3]
	[2.]	� � � pl. xxxiii.	[4]
	[3.]	Funeral Procession. Rayet, Monum. de l’Art ant., pl. lxxv.	[6]
	[4.]	Arrival at the Tomb. � � pl. lxxv.	[6]
	[5.]	Deposition at the Tomb. Dumont, Céram. de la Grèce propre, pl. xxvii.	[9]
	[6.]	Pyre of Patroclus. Mon. dell’ Inst. IX, xxxii.	[10]
CHAPTER II
	[7.]	Child’s Coffin. Stackelberg, Gräber der Hellenen, pl. viii.	[14]
	[8.]	Offerings at a Tomb. Ephemeris Archaiol. 1886, pl. iv.	[18]
	[9.]	Spirit seated on Stele. Pottier, Lécythes blancs, pl. iv.	[20]
	[10.]	Toilet scene, Sepulchral. Furtwängler, Coll. Sabouroff, pl. lx.	[21]
	[11.]	Gifts at Tomb. Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases, IV, pl. iv.	[22]
CHAPTER III
	[12.]	The Boat of Charon. Antike Denkmäler, I, pl. xxiii.	[31]
	[13.]	The Greek Underworld. Wiener Vorlegeblätter, Ser. E, pl. i.	[36]
CHAPTER IV
	[14.]	Sectional plan of the so-called Treasury of Atreus. Schuchhardt, Schliemann’s Ausgrabungen, p. 176	[47]
	[15.]	Restoration of interior of Treasury. Perrot et Chipiez, La Grèce Primitive, p. 638	[48]
	[16.]	Plan and façade of Treasury. Perrot et Chipiez, La Grèce Primitive, pl. vi.	[49]
	[17.]	Ceiling of Treasury, Orchomenus. Journ. Hell. Stud. II, pl. xiii.	[50]
	[18.]	Tombstone, Mycenae. Schliemann, Mycenae, p. 81	[54]
	[19.]	� � � � p. 86	[55]
	[20.]	� � Perrot et Chipiez, op. cit., p. 770	[56]
CHAPTER V
	[21.]	Tumulus on Sipylus. Texier, Description de l’Asie M. pl. cxxx.	[61]
	[22.]	Section of Chamber. Weber, Le Sipyle, pl. i.	[61]
	[23.]	Tomb of Midas. Perrot et Chipiez, Phrygie, p. 83	[62]
	[24.]	Geometrical façade of Tomb. � � p. 103	[63]
	[25.]	Tomb flanked by Lions. � � p. 111	[64]
	[26.]	Head of Lion. Journ. Hell. Stud. pl. xviii.	[65]
	[27.]	North and West sides of Harpy Tomb. E. A. Gardner, Handbook of Greek Sculpture, I, p. 110	[71]
	[28.]	Gable of Lycian Tomb. Photograph	[74]
CHAPTER VI
Pl.	[ii]	Spartan stele. Photograph	[76]
Fig.	[29.]	Hades and Persephone. Ann. dell’ Inst. XIX, pl. F	[79]
	[30.]	Seated Hero. Journ. Hell. Stud. V, p. 123	[83]
	[31.]	Stele, man feeding snake. Photograph	[85]
CHAPTER VII
Pl.	[iii]	Sepulchral Banquet. Photograph	[88]
Fig.	[32.]	Assur-bani-pal and Queen. Perrot et Chipiez, Chaldée et Assyrie, p. 107	[89]
	[33.]	Stele from Tegea. Photograph	[90]
	[34.]	Coin of Bizya. Br. Mus. Cat. Coins, Thrace, p. 90	[92]
	[35.]	Horseman relief (British Museum). Photograph	[96]
	[36.]	Horseman relief (Berlin). Furtwängler, Coll. Sabouroff, pl. xxix.	[97]
	[37.]	Votive tablet, Tarentum. Mon. dell’ Inst. XI, pl. lv.	[101]
	[38.]	Hero on foot. Monum. Grecs de l’Assoc. d’Études Grecques, pl. i.	[102]
	[39.]	Hero seated. Roscher, Lexikon, I, p. 2571	[103]
CHAPTER VIII
Fig.	[40.]	Achilles at tomb of Patroclus. Gerhard, Auserlesene Vasenbilder, pl. cxcix.	[108]
Pl.	[iv]	Marriage-vase. Athen. Mittheil. 1887, pl. ix. 114 v. Marriage-vase and Lekythi. Photograph 115 i. View in Cemetery of Cerameicus. �	[118]
Fig.	[41.]	Head of Assyrian stele. Perrot et Chipiez, Chaldée et Assyrie, p. 270	[120]
	[42.]	Head of Greek stele. Brückner, Ornament u. Formen der Att. Grabstelen, pl. i.	[120]
	[43.]	Anthemion of stele. Photograph	[121]
	[43.]	A. � � �	[122]
	[43.]	B. � � �	[123]
	[44.]	Sphinx of Spata. �	[123]
	[45.]	Terra-cotta: Sphinx and Youth. Stackelberg, Gräber der Hellenen, pl. lvi.	[124]
	[46.]	Stele of Lamptrae, restored. Athen. Mittheil. XII, p. 105	[125]
	[47.]	Siren from Tomb. Photograph	[127]
	[48.]	Head of stele. �	[128]
	[49.]	� � �	[129]
	[50.]	Stele of Leon. �	[130]
CHAPTER IX
	[51.]	Portrait from Tomb, Thera. Athen. Mittheil. IV, pl. vi.	[135]
	[52.]	Horseman from Tomb. � �pl. iii.	[137]
Pl.	[vi]	Seated Lady. Photograph	[137]
	[vii.]	Hermes of Andros. �	[138]
	[viii.]	Mourning Slave. Furtwängler, Coll. Sabouroff, pl. xv.	[139]
	[ix.]	Stele of Aristion. Photograph	[140]
	[�]	Stele of Alxenor. �	[141]
Fig.	[53.]	Seated Hero. Michaelis, Anc. Marbles in Gr. Brit. p. 385	[142]
	[54.]	Head of Youth holding discus. C. A. G. pl. iv.	[143]
	[55.]	Dermys and Citylus. Athen. Mittheil. III, pl. xiv.	[144]
Pl.	[x]	Tynnias seated. Photograph 145 xi. Stele of Aristonautes. Photograph 146 xii. Stele of Dexileos. �	[147]
Fig.	[56.]	Warrior of Tegea. Bull. de Corresp. hellénique, IV,
Pl.	[vii]	pl. vii.	[148]
Pl.	[xiii]	Youth with Dog. Photograph	[149]
Fig.	[57.]	Athlete balancing stone. Photograph	[150]
	[58.]	Young horseman. �	[151]
Pl.	[xiv]	Stele from Aegina. �	[151]
	[xv]	Relief from Ilissus. �	[152]
Fig.	[59.]	Stele of Democleides. �	[153]
	[60.]	Head of Old Man. �	[155]
	[61.]	Boy, from stele. �	[156]
Pl.	[xvi]	Seated Lady. C. A. G. pl. xv.	[156]
Fig.	[62]	Portrait of Mynno. C. A. G. pl. xvii.	[157]
Pl.	[xvii]	Stele of Amphotto. Photograph	[158]
Fig.	[63]	Girl with Doll. Journ. Hell. Stud. VI, pl. B.	[159]
	[64.]	Priestess of Isis. Photograph	[159]
CHAPTER X
Pl.	[xviii]	Euempolus and children. Photograph	[164]
Fig.	[65]	Xanthippus and children. Museum Marbles, X, pl. iii.	[165]
Pl.	[xix]	Mother and family. Photograph 166 xx. Chaerestrata and Lysander. Photograph 167 xxi. Mica and Dion. Photograph 167 xxii. Mother and daughter. Photograph 168 xxiii. Damasistrata. Photograph 169 xxiv. Mother and nurse. �	[169]
Fig.	[66]	Plangon fainting. C. A. G. p. 70	[170]
Pl.	[xxv]	Hegeso. Photograph 172 xxvi. Lady and attendant. Photograph 173 xxvii. Ameiniche. Photograph	[173]
Fig.	[67]	Phaenarete. C. A. G. pl. xxxix.	[174]
Pl.	[xxviii]	Ameinocleia. Photograph	[175]
Fig.	[68]	Scene at Tomb. Benndorf, Griech. u. Sicil. Vasenb. pl. xv.	[177]
	[69.]	Domestic scene. Heydemann, Griech. Vasenbilder, pl. xi.	[178]
	[70.]	Family group. Brückner, Griech. Grabreliefs, p. 12	[179]
	[71.]	� � � �	[179]
	[72.]	Stele of Myrrhina. Gazette Archéol. I, pl. vii.	[180]
Pl.	[xxix]	Orpheus and Eurydice. Photograph	[181]
CHAPTER XI
	[xxx.]	Stele of Eutamia. C. A. G. pl. xxviii.	[185]
Fig.	[73]	Dionysus as guest. Roscher, Lexikon, I, p. 2539	[190]
CHAPTER XIII
Fig.	[74]	Nereid Monument (Falkener). Overbeck, Griech. Plastik, II, p. 191	[216]
	[75.]	Gable of Nereid Monument. Ann. dell’ Inst. 1875, pl. DE.	[217]
	[76.]	Heroon of Gyeulbashi. Benndorf and Niemann, Heroon von Gjölbaschi-Trysa, pl. i.	[222]
	[77.]	Lion-tomb, Cnidus. Newton, Travels and Discov. II, pl. xxiii.	[225]
CHAPTER XIV
	[78.]	Mausoleum (Mr. Pullan). Archaeologia, LIV, p. 281	[230]
	[79.]	� (Mr. Oldfield). Drawing of Mr. Oldfield	[231]
CHAPTER XV
	[80.]	Sarcophagus of the Satrap: end. Hamdy Bey et T. Reinach, Une Nécropole Royale à Sidon, pl xxi.	[246]
	[81.]	Sphinxes: Lycian Sarcophagus. � � pl. xv.	[248]
	[82.]	Sarcophagus of Mourners: end. � � pl. vii.	[250]
	[83.]	Alexander Sarcophagus: end. � � pl. xxvi.	[254]
	[84.]	� �LION-HUNT. � � pl. xxxi.	[255]
	[85.]	� �A LION. � � pl. XX.	[257]