- Abbeys—centers of monasticism, [128], [155–157], [167]. (See [Monasticism].)
- Accadians—writing and literature of, [99], [100];
- "Accents"—absent in early Greek literature, [124].
- Achievements—two conspicuous, of last century, [94], [98–104].
- Alphabetic writing—origin of, [91], [92], [104], [105], [110], [111];
- Alexandrian—manuscript ("A"), [64], [65];
- Alexandria—strategic location, [115], [137];
- Antony—gift of, [137].
- Arabia—paper first made and used in, [73];
- Arabs—brought paper-making into Spain, [73];
- originated modern system of notation, [126].
- Architecture—characteristic of an age, [118].
- Asceticism—origin and development of, [154].
- Assur-bani-pal—ancient king of Assyria, [135];
- Authorities quoted, cited, and referred to:
- Americana, The, [74].
- Appleton's New Practical, [72].
- Author, an anonymous, [26].
- Baikie, Mr. James, [100].
- Bible, The, [22], [33], [34], [43], [61], [62], [80], [87], [109], [112], [121], [158].
- Birt, [68].
- Bishop, Wm. Frost, D.D., [91], [110].
- Book Record, The, [32].
- Bruce, Professor A. B., [41], [42].
- Budge, Mr. Wallace, [85], [97].
- Callimachus (Grammarian), [140].
- Chambers' Encyclopedia, [72].
- Champollion, Professor, [98].
- Christ in the Gospels, [29].
- Chrysostom, [141].
- Clay, Professor Albert T., [100], [102].
- Clodd, Professor Edward, [91].
- Ctesias, [59].
- D'Israeli, [26].
- Dobschütz, Professor Ernest Von, [12], [25], [26], [38], [39], [53], [54], [62], [63], [120], [156].
- Duruy, Professor Victor, [164].
- Edwards, Miss Amelia B. (Egyptologist), [93].
- Emerton, Professor, [163].
- Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition), [12], [24], [75], [80], [84], [105], [106], [108], [113], [142], [153].
- Eusebius (Ecclesiastical Historian), [52], [147], [148].
- Euthalius, [124].
- Evans, Dr. A. J. (Antiquarian), [106], [107], [108].
- Gibbon (Historian), [37], [144].
- Grammaticus, Joannes (Scholar), [143].
- Grotefend, Dr., [103].
- Guizot (Historian), [18].
- Hallam (Historian), [16], [131], [162].
- Harding, Professor S. B., [163].
- Harper, Professor Robert F., [80].
- Harkness, Mr. M. E., [93], [97].
- Hastings' Bible Dictionary, [164].
- Herodotus (Ancient Historian), [59], [139].
- Hillis, Newell Dwight, D.D., [56].
- Hilprecht, Professor Herman V., [134], [135].
- Hugo (Cardinal), [122].
- Huston, Professor C. W., [96].
- Huxley, Professor, [90].
- International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, [17], [21], [22], [25], [27], [47], [48], [111].
- Jerome, St. (Scholar), [124], [155].
- Jewish Encyclopedia, [51], [59], [112].
- Klein, Dr. (Traveler), [109].
- Layard, Sir Henry, [104], [136].
- Lecky, Mr. W. E. H., [161].
- Macaulay, Lord, [150], [170].
- Mahaffy, Professor J. P., [118], [119].
- Milligan, Professor George, [66].
- Munro and Sellery, Professors, [157], [161], [162].
- Myers, Professor, [163], [169].
- National Geographic Magazine, [100], [102], [108], [128].
- Nelson's Encyclopedia, [105].
- New York Daily, [54].
- Nicholas V. (Pope), [169], [170].
- North American Review, [144].
- Petrarch (Biographer), [169].
- Petrie, Professor, [79].
- Plato, [23], [31].
- Pliny, [69], [81].
- Press dispatches, [57].
- Prescott (Historian), [26], [78], [95].
- Prideau, [50], [66], [67].
- Putnam, Mr. George H., [11], [12], [13], [14], [24], [25], [30], [31], [68], [75], [78], [103], [104], [131], [140], [164], [165].
- Rawlinson, Professor George, [136].
- Richardson, Mr. E. C., [21], [22], [25], [27], [47], [48], [111].
- Robertson, Rev. Frederick W., [40].
- Roget, M. Emmanuel De, [92].
- Sayce, Professor A. H., [27], [79], [101], [106], [109], [111], [136].
- Smith, Mr. Goldwin, [168].
- Stephens, Robert (Printer), [122].
- Symonds, Professor, [169].
- Taylor (Canon), [104].
- Taylor, Dr. Isaac, [18], [71], [118], [148].
- Tertullian (Church Father), [141].
- Thalheimer (Historian), [74].
- Thatcher and Schwill, Professors, [150], [155], [162].
- Tischendorf, Professor, [64], [166].
- Vincent, Dr. Marvin R., [38].
- Walsh, Professor, [151], [152], [159].
- World Almanac, [142].
- Wright, Professor George F., [40], [41], [52], [53].
- Wycliffe, John, [29], [30].
- Young, Professor, [98], [99].
- Babylonia—inscribed temple walls, [100];
- Babylonian—expedition, [134];
- Benedictines—founding of Order, [150], [155];
- Bible—a divine-human book, [40–45];
- for man, [18], [40];
- collective volume, [140];
- versions, [38], [39];
- preëminent MSS of, [64], [65];
- lost autographs, [44];
- Septuagint Version, [141];
- decorated and embellished copies, [52–54], [159];
- cost of making, [29–32];
- first printed ("Mazarin"), [14], [15];
- Revised N. T., [28];
- numerous manuscripts of, [37–39];
- American Bible Society, [32];
- permanency of, [18];
- chapters and verses, [122], [125].
- Book—definition of, [19], [20];
- Books—earliest, [21], [22], [59];
- valuation of, [14], [29–32], [130];
- making and commerce of, [127–132];
- "reinforced" papyrus and paper, [69], [75];
- embellishment of, [52–54];
- cost of written and printed compared, [29–32];
- enemies of, [48];
- materials, [44] (see [chapter XI]);
- rare, [52–54], [64], [65];
- depositories of, [127], [128], [130–132], [148], [149];
- repairing, [49], [69], [152];
- new crusade for, [169].
- "Breathings"—of the Greek MSS, [124].
- British Museum—depository, [59], [64], [136].
- Champollion—and the Rosetta Stone, [98].
- Charlemagne—referred to, [149];
- Chinese—inventors of printing, [11], [12];
- Churches—relation to learning, [131], [132], [156];
- libraries in, [148].
- Cleopatra—name on Rosetta Stone, [99];
- Antony and, [137].
- Code—Hammurabi, [80], [110].
- "Colon"—punctuation mark, [124].
- Columns—in roll-book, [50], [61], [63], [64],
- "Comma"—punctuation mark, [121], [124].
- Constantine—founder of Constantinople, [146];
- Constantinople—secure and favored position, [146], [147];
- Copyists—professional, [69], [127], [132], [138], [140], [147], [149] (see [monks]);
- Cnossos—Cretan palace of, [107];
- Crete—recent discoveries in ancient, [100], [107], [108].
- Cuneiform—writing, [28], [99–104];
- distinguished from hieroglyphic, [100];
- made with stylus, [102];
- hieroglyphic, origin of, [100];
- great quantity of writing in, [102], [104], [134–136];
- discoveries of Layard, [104], [136];
- of Rawlinson, [136];
- diminutive specimens, [136];
- Dr. Grotefend's "guess," [103];
- how read, [102];
- incorruptible character of, [103], [104];
- cylinders, [79];
- "deluge" tablet, [134].
- "Dark Ages"—extent, [127], [129];
- "Demotic"—writing, distinguished from "hieratic," [70], [92], [98], [99];
- on Rosetta Stone, [99].
- "Diptych"—defined, [82].
- Ephraem—monk, [63];
- "Gait"—of handwriting, [55];
- of mind, [57].
- Greece—fountain source of literature, [138].
- Grotefend (Dr.)—and cuneiform inscription, [103].
- Gutenberg—place and time of birth, [12];
- Hammurabi—code of, [80];
- "Hand"—importance of, [47], [56], [57], [159];
- Handwriting—unwritten literature, [20], [27], [28];
- Hebrew—language and literature, [109], [110], [122], [123].
- Herodotus—testimony to Persian archives, [59];
- books of, [139].
- "Hieratic"—writing, defined, [92];
- Hieroglyphic—writing, earliest mode of recording ideas, [20], [21], [28], [70], [91–99];
- Homer—writings of long un-recorded, [24];
- "Ideographic"—writing, defined, [94], [95];
- "India"—paper, quality, [76], [77];
- Inks—importance and necessity of good, [47], [57], [83];
- "Interrogation" (?)—punctuation mark, [124].
- Inventions—outgrowth of necessity, [40], [60], [62];
- Jews—devotion to sacred books, [49];
- Language—most distinguishing characteristic of mankind, [90];
- Leather—earliest material of portable books, [59];
- Libraries—earliest at Nippur, [133–135];
- contents of Nippur tablets, [134], [136];
- "deluge" tablet, [134], [135];
- at Assur-bani-pal, [103], [135];
- scribes of, [135], [136];
- the number of tablets therein, [135], [136];
- size of tablets and of writing, [136];
- magnifying lens found, [136];
- contents of tablets, [134], [136], [137];
- at Pergamos, [137];
- number of rolls in, [137];
- disposition of, [137], [145];
- at Alexandria, [137], [138];
- treasures of learning in, [127], [137], [138], [141];
- preëminence of, [137], [138];
- books of, [138];
- how books secured, [135], [138], [140], [141];
- scribes of, [127], [128], [136], [137], [138], [140];
- number and size of books therein, [137–140];
- varying fortunes of, [143–145];
- irreparable loss, [145];
- tradition of the destruction, [143], [144];
- at Constantinople, [146–148];
- fostered by the Emperor, [147–148];
- successively wasted and renewed, [148], [152];
- of monasteries, [131], [132], [148], [149], [151], [152];
- of churches, [148];
- at Paris, and elsewhere, [64], [94], [149], [151–153];
- the Vatican, [64], [170];
- British Museum, [59], [64], [80], [136];
- how libraries perpetuated and replenished, [130], [135], [136–141], [147], [152], [157], [163];
- number of books in leading modern, [142].
- Literature—how first perpetuated, [19], [22], [27], [28];
- period of the MSS, [19];
- materials of written MSS, [46–88];
- punctuation and other devices of literature, [120–125];
- stichometry, [123];
- chapters and verses of the Bible, [120–124];
- ideomatic use of language in, [123];
- modern distinctions of, [120–125];
- Aldus Manutius and modern punctuation, [125];
- extended by Arabian conquests, [152], [153];
- system of notation, [126].
- Manuscripts—form of book, [61–65];
- period of, [19–33];
- two desiderata for, [46], [47];
- cost of, [29–36], [46], [54], [130];
- enemies of, [48];
- restoration of palimpsest, [63];
- repairing old and damaged, [49], [130];
- abundance of Bible and why, [33], [35–39];
- preservation of, [47], [48], [130], [165], [167];
- the preëminent "uncials": codex "א" (Sinaitic), [44], [64], [65], [147], [166];
- codex "B" (Vatican), [44], [64], [65];
- codex "A" (Alexandrian), [64], [65];
- codex "C" (Ephraem), [63], [64], [65];
- rare and embellished, [52–54], [93], [94], [159];
- the Septuagint, [141].
- Materials—variety and changes in, [44], [47], [55–58], [79];
- skin of animals, [59];
- leather, [59], [60], [61];
- parchment, [59];
- vellum, [59], [61], [147];
- papyrus, [57];
- preparation of papyrus, [67], [68];
- first form of books, [61], [62];
- letter form, [62];
- earliest known roll-books, [59];
- commerce in, [31], [70], [71];
- paper introduced in West, [73];
- variety of substances used in paper-making, [72];
- other materials displaced by paper, [75];
- development of paper-making and printing-press, [75];
- paper long made by hand, [75], [76];
- "India" paper, [76], [77];
- tablets of various kinds, [78–81], [101];
- protected tablets, [81], [82] (see [Tablets]).
- Manutius—and system of punctuation, [125].
- "Mazarin"—Bible, first printed book, [14];
- why so called, [14].
- Memory—phenomenal and reliable, [24–27].
- Middle Ages—referred to, [53], [63], [115], [116], [125], [163];
- Minstrelsy—relation to history and literature, [22–26].
- Moabite Stone—referred to, [79];
- Monasteries—widely established, [148–152], [154–157], [159–168];
- Monasticism—origin of, [154], [155];
- Monks—copyists, [132], [157], [158], [161–165];
- Moors—relation to civilization in Europe, [73];
- first paper-makers of Spain, [73].
- Museum—British, [59], [64], [80], [93], [104], [136];
- Nippur—antiquity of, [133];
- results of explorations on site, [133–137].
- Notation—system, a development, [125], [126];
- "cipher" of, [126].
- "Orders"—first, [150], [155] (see [monasteries], [monasticism], [monks]).
- Paintings—mural, at Washington, [20], [21];
- Palæography—art and science of, [89], [90], [159];
- development, [90], [92];
- modern penmanship a questionable accomplishment, [90];
- writing, crystalized speech, [90], [91];
- three sources of written language:
- (1) Hieroglyphics, [20], [21], [91–99];
- (2) Cuneiform, [99–104];
- (3) Alphabetic, [91], [92], [104–112];
- classic writing a product, [112];
- two stages of classic writing—"uncial," [113], [114];
- "minuscule," [113], [114];
- undeciphered script of ancient Cretans, [100], [108];
- provincial and national "hands," [115]-117;
- the "ascent" of the Anglo-Saxon "hand," [115], [116];
- changes in the direction of writing, [116], [117];
- the "hand" a factor in determining age of writing, [117–119].
- "Palimpsests"—defined, [63];
- examples, [63].
- Paper—origin of, [72], [73];
- itinerary of progress in making, [72], [73];
- substances used as "pulp" for, [72];
- materials for making—cotton, [57], [73], [74];
- linen, [58], [74];
- flax and rags, [58], [74];
- other substances, [72], [74], [78];
- supercession of other materials by, [75], [76];
- earliest documents on, [74];
- "water marks" of, [55], [56];
- long made by hand, [75];
- interleaved and "reinforced," [69], [75];
- improved methods of making, [74–76];
- complement of the printing-press, [74], [75];
- "India" paper and tests and examples of, [76], [79].
- Papyrus—source of, [66];
- plant described, [67], [101];
- preparation of, [67], [68];
- cost, [31], [66];
- general use of, [66], [70], [71];
- period of use, [44], [70], [71];
- commerce in, [70], [71];
- exportation from Egypt forbidden, [60], [70], [71];
- roll-books on, [68], [69];
- "reinforced," [69];
- subdivision of large rolls on, [139], [140];
- fragile, [44], [48], [69], [103];
- the oldest rolls on, [70], [84], [85];
- the "Prisse" papyrus, [93].
- Parchment—from skins of animals, [59], [60], [62];
- Pergamos—parchment first made at, [60];
- Pens—for writing, [87];
- "pen-knife," [87].
- Pentecost—relation of first to spread of Gospel, [34–36].
- "Period"—punctuation mark, [124].
- Phœnicians—developed ideographic alphabet, [105–107], [109], [110];
- "Phonetic"—writing, described, [94–96].
- "Pointings"—a development, [122], [123], [124].
- "Polyptych"—described, [82].
- Printing—the invention of, [11–13];
- reputed examples in China and Japan, [11], [12], [14];
- Gutenberg the inventor, [13];
- first types, [13];
- original press and modern, [13], [28], [29], [30];
- importance of, [16–18], [28], [29], [75];
- typography witness to date of, [117], [118];
- contrasted with oral tradition, [24], [25];
- "proof correction" an aid to purity of literature, [17], [18].
- Punctuation—system developed, [120–125];
- Ptolemaic (dynasty)—"Soter," [137];
- Renaissance—time and importance of, [150–152], [168], [169].
- Revelation—progressive, [41], [42];
- materials embodying, subject to exposure, [42–44].
- Revised Version—feat of N. T. publication, [28];
- errors in, [17].
- Roll-book—earliest form in leather and papyrus, [59], [61], [68], [69];
- Roman alphabet—ascendancy of and reasons for, [114], [115], [116].
- Rosetta Stone—referred to, [70], [79];
- Schools—of abbeys and monasteries, [151], [156], [157], [163], [164];
- Arabian, [155].
- Scribes—professional, [127];
- "Scriptorium"—of monasteries, [157], [158], [165].
- "Semicolon"—punctuation mark, [124].
- "Septuagint"—what and for whom, [141];
- Siloam Inscription—place, date, and object, [111], [112];
- Sinaitic Manuscript—referred to, [44];
- Speech—distinguishing characteristic of man, [90].
- St. Catharine—convent of, [64], [166], [167];
- "Stichometry"—species of early punctuation, [123], [124].
- Stylus—instrument used on clay, wax, etc., [81], [82], [87], [101], [102].
- Tablets—early, [28], [48];
- the material of and preparation, [78], [79], [81], [101], [102];
- size and form, [79], [135], [136];
- number, [79], [104], [134], [135], [136];
- Tel-el-Amarna, [79], [80];
- Cnossos, [107];
- character of writing on, [79], [80], [101–103], [136];
- subjects treated, [79], [80], [134], [136], [137];
- wood for, [81];
- wax, [78], [81], [82];
- envelopes for, [101];
- protected, [82], [101];
- "deluge," [134].
- Thirteenth century—referred to, [30], [39], [54], [159];
- "Tongues"—at Pentecost, [34];
- object of the "gift," [34]-36.
- Tradition—preceded written records, [22];
- "Triptych"—described, [82].
- Types—printing, [12];
- "Uncial"—the earliest classic "hand," [113], [114];
- Universities—when founded, [151];
- expeditions of Pennsylvania University, [134].
- Vatican—manuscript referred to, [44], [53];
- Vellum—described, [61];
- Versions—of the Bible, [35–39], [45];
- Septuagint, [141].
- Volume—earliest form of books, [61–65], [68];
- Wage—for scribe in time of Diocletian, [31].
- "Water marks"—impressed in fiber of paper, [55], [56];
- Writing—materials used and changes in, [46–48], [50], [52–58], [60], [70], [71], [78];
- instruments adaptable to, [87];
- inks, [83–86];
- art and science of, [89], [90];
- modern neglect of the art, [90];
- "crystalized" speech, [90], [91];
- development of, [91], [92];
- picture writing, [20], [91–98];
- the three great "species" of, [92]—
- (1) Hieroglyphic, [91–99];
- two classes of: "ideographic" and "phonetic," [94]-96;
- distinctions of "hieratic" and "demotic," [70], [94], [98], [99];
- the Rosetta Stone the "key" to the early Egyptian writing, [94], [98], [99];
- clumsy and uncertain, [97], [98];
- (2) Cuneiform, [99–104];
- Dr. Grotefend's decipherment of, [103];
- tablets and cylinders, [79–82];
- Tel-el-Amarna tablets and the Hammurabi monument, [79], [80];
- (3) Alphabetic, [104–112];
- origin of, [91], [92], [105], [106];
- oldest deciphered, [108–110];
- the undeciphered Minoan script, [108];
- Moabite Stone and Siloam Inscription, [108–112];
- Phœnician contribution to alphabetic literature, [105–108];
- the pre-exilic of Palestine, [111];
- classic writing, [112–117];
- development of national and provincial "hands," [112]-117;
- "uncial" and "cursive" "hands," [113], [114];
- Anglo-Saxon "hand," [115], [116];
- changes in the direction of writing, [116], [117];
- style of writing a verisimilitude of genuineness, [117–119];
- determining age of composition, [118], [119];
- compared and contrasted with printing, [27–32], [138].
- Young (Dr.)—labors in deciphering the Rosetta Stone and the Egyptian hieroglyphics, [98], [99].
- "Zero"—the cipher completing the system of notation, [126];
- when and by whom added, [126].
[FOOTNOTES]
[1] The Influence of the Bible on Civilisation, p. 119.
[2] The Influence of the Bible on Civilisation, p. 121.
[3] Middle Ages, vol. 1, p. 7.
[4] International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, art. "Books."
[5] Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition).
[6] Authors and Their Public, pp. 63, 106.
[7] International Standard Bible Ency., art. "Books."
[8] The Influence of the Bible on Civilisation, pp. 13, 14.