The Reign of the Manuscript

by Perry Wayland Sinks

• Abbeys—centers of monasticism, [128], [155–157], [167]. (See [Monasticism].)
• Accadians—writing and literature of, [99], [100];
  
  • language of, [92], [136].
• "Accents"—absent in early Greek literature, [124].
  
• Achievements—two conspicuous, of last century, [94], [98–104].
  
• Alphabetic writing—origin of, [91], [92], [104], [105], [110], [111];
  
  • occasion for, [104–106];
  • earliest document in, [110];
  • Phœnician development, [105–107];
  • the undeciphered Cretan, [100], [105], [106–108];
  • cosmopolitan, [116].
• Alexandrian—manuscript ("A"), [64], [65];
  
  • number of columns to page, [64], [65];
  • depository of, [64];
  • Library and Museum, [127], [137–141].
• Alexandria—strategic location, [115], [137];
  
  • literary activity of, [123], [127], [133], [145].
• Antony—gift of, [137].
  
• Arabia—paper first made and used in, [73];
  
  • monasteries of, [149], [155];
  • schools and literature of, [152], [153], [155].
• Arabs—brought paper-making into Spain, [73];
  
  • originated modern system of notation, [126].
• Architecture—characteristic of an age, [118].
  
• Asceticism—origin and development of, [154].
  
• Assur-bani-pal—ancient king of Assyria, [135];
  
  • fostered literature and learning, [135], [136];
  • library of, [135], [136];
  • discoveries by Layard on library site, [136].
• Authorities quoted, cited, and referred to:
  
  • Americana, The, [74].
  • Appleton's New Practical, [72].
  • Author, an anonymous, [26].
  • Baikie, Mr. James, [100].
  • Bible, The, [22], [33], [34], [43], [61], [62], [80], [87], [109], [112], [121], [158].
  • Birt, [68].
  • Bishop, Wm. Frost, D.D., [91], [110].
  • Book Record, The, [32].
  • Bruce, Professor A. B., [41], [42].
  • Budge, Mr. Wallace, [85], [97].
  • Callimachus (Grammarian), [140].
  • Chambers' Encyclopedia, [72].
  • Champollion, Professor, [98].
  • Christ in the Gospels, [29].
  • Chrysostom, [141].
  • Clay, Professor Albert T., [100], [102].
  • Clodd, Professor Edward, [91].
  • Ctesias, [59].
  • D'Israeli, [26].
  • Dobschütz, Professor Ernest Von, [12], [25], [26], [38], [39], [53], [54], [62], [63], [120], [156].
  • Duruy, Professor Victor, [164].
  • Edwards, Miss Amelia B. (Egyptologist), [93].
  • Emerton, Professor, [163].
  • Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition), [12], [24], [75], [80], [84], [105], [106], [108], [113], [142], [153].
  • Eusebius (Ecclesiastical Historian), [52], [147], [148].
  • Euthalius, [124].
  • Evans, Dr. A. J. (Antiquarian), [106], [107], [108].
  • Gibbon (Historian), [37], [144].
  • Grammaticus, Joannes (Scholar), [143].
  • Grotefend, Dr., [103].
  • Guizot (Historian), [18].
  • Hallam (Historian), [16], [131], [162].
  • Harding, Professor S. B., [163].
  • Harper, Professor Robert F., [80].
  • Harkness, Mr. M. E., [93], [97].
  • Hastings' Bible Dictionary, [164].
  • Herodotus (Ancient Historian), [59], [139].
  • Hillis, Newell Dwight, D.D., [56].
  • Hilprecht, Professor Herman V., [134], [135].
  • Hugo (Cardinal), [122].
  • Huston, Professor C. W., [96].
  • Huxley, Professor, [90].
  • International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, [17], [21], [22], [25], [27], [47], [48], [111].
  • Jerome, St. (Scholar), [124], [155].
  • Jewish Encyclopedia, [51], [59], [112].
  • Klein, Dr. (Traveler), [109].
  • Layard, Sir Henry, [104], [136].
  • Lecky, Mr. W. E. H., [161].
  • Macaulay, Lord, [150], [170].
  • Mahaffy, Professor J. P., [118], [119].
  • Milligan, Professor George, [66].
  • Munro and Sellery, Professors, [157], [161], [162].
  • Myers, Professor, [163], [169].
  • National Geographic Magazine, [100], [102], [108], [128].
  • Nelson's Encyclopedia, [105].
  • New York Daily, [54].
  • Nicholas V. (Pope), [169], [170].
  • North American Review, [144].
  • Petrarch (Biographer), [169].
  • Petrie, Professor, [79].
  • Plato, [23], [31].
  • Pliny, [69], [81].
  • Press dispatches, [57].
  • Prescott (Historian), [26], [78], [95].
  • Prideau, [50], [66], [67].
  • Putnam, Mr. George H., [11], [12], [13], [14], [24], [25], [30], [31], [68], [75], [78], [103], [104], [131], [140], [164], [165].
  • Rawlinson, Professor George, [136].
  • Richardson, Mr. E. C., [21], [22], [25], [27], [47], [48], [111].
  • Robertson, Rev. Frederick W., [40].
  • Roget, M. Emmanuel De, [92].
  • Sayce, Professor A. H., [27], [79], [101], [106], [109], [111], [136].
  • Smith, Mr. Goldwin, [168].
  • Stephens, Robert (Printer), [122].
  • Symonds, Professor, [169].
  • Taylor (Canon), [104].
  • Taylor, Dr. Isaac, [18], [71], [118], [148].
  • Tertullian (Church Father), [141].
  • Thalheimer (Historian), [74].
  • Thatcher and Schwill, Professors, [150], [155], [162].
  • Tischendorf, Professor, [64], [166].
  • Vincent, Dr. Marvin R., [38].
  • Walsh, Professor, [151], [152], [159].
  • World Almanac, [142].
  • Wright, Professor George F., [40], [41], [52], [53].
  • Wycliffe, John, [29], [30].
  • Young, Professor, [98], [99].
• Babylonia—inscribed temple walls, [100];
  
  • clay tablets of, [79], [134], [135], [136];
  • ancient syllabary script of, [105].
• Babylonian—expedition, [134];
  
  • explorations at Nippur, [134], [135];
  • "deluge" tablet, [134], [135].
• Benedictines—founding of Order, [150], [155];
  
  • civilizing and beneficent influences of, [162], [164].
• Bible—a divine-human book, [40–45];
  
  • for man, [18], [40];
  • collective volume, [140];
  • versions, [38], [39];
  • preëminent MSS of, [64], [65];
  • lost autographs, [44];
  • Septuagint Version, [141];
  • decorated and embellished copies, [52–54], [159];
  • cost of making, [29–32];
  • first printed ("Mazarin"), [14], [15];
  • Revised N. T., [28];
  • numerous manuscripts of, [37–39];
  • American Bible Society, [32];
  • permanency of, [18];
  • chapters and verses, [122], [125].
• Book—definition of, [19], [20];
  
  • evolution, [20], [21];
  • form of ancient, [63];
  • change from "roll" to "leaf" form, [63–64], [69];
  • "diptych," "triptych," "polyptych," [82];
  • "Book of the Dead," [84], [85], [93];
  • size of roll-book, [68], [69], [139], [140].
• Books—earliest, [21], [22], [59];
  
  • valuation of, [14], [29–32], [130];
  • making and commerce of, [127–132];
  • "reinforced" papyrus and paper, [69], [75];
  • embellishment of, [52–54];
  • cost of written and printed compared, [29–32];
  • enemies of, [48];
  • materials, [44] (see [chapter XI]);
  • rare, [52–54], [64], [65];
  • depositories of, [127], [128], [130–132], [148], [149];
  • repairing, [49], [69], [152];
  • new crusade for, [169].
• "Breathings"—of the Greek MSS, [124].
  
• British Museum—depository, [59], [64], [136].
  
• Champollion—and the Rosetta Stone, [98].
  
• Charlemagne—referred to, [149];
  
  • patron of schools and learning, [149];
  • scarcity of books at his time, [149], [150];
  • meager intellectual attainments of, [149], [150].
• Chinese—inventors of printing, [11], [12];
  
  • first paper-makers, [72];
  • ideographic writing of, [105], [117];
  • ancient library of, [81].
• Churches—relation to learning, [131], [132], [156];
  
  • libraries in, [148].
• Cleopatra—name on Rosetta Stone, [99];
  
  • Antony and, [137].
• Code—Hammurabi, [80], [110].
  
• "Colon"—punctuation mark, [124].
  
• Columns—in roll-book, [50], [61], [63], [64],
  
  • and age of MSS, [64], [65].
• "Comma"—punctuation mark, [121], [124].
  
• Constantine—founder of Constantinople, [146];
  
  • patron of Christianity, [147];
  • furthered the Bible, [147], [148], [158].
• Constantinople—secure and favored position, [146], [147];
  
  • center of literary and religious activity, [147–149], [164].
• Copyists—professional, [69], [127], [132], [138], [140], [147], [149] (see [monks]);
  
  • women, [128];
  • other, [128–130], [138];
  • wage of, [29], [32], [54];
  • concern for their work, [49–52];
  • dictation to, [157], [158], [165];
  • rules governing, [49–51];
  • repairing MSS, [49], [69];
  • artistic accomplishments of, [52–54];
  • paraphernalia of, [86], [88].
• Cnossos—Cretan palace of, [107];
  
  • "finds" in, [107], [108].
• Crete—recent discoveries in ancient, [100], [107], [108].
  
• Cuneiform—writing, [28], [99–104];
  
  • distinguished from hieroglyphic, [100];
  • made with stylus, [102];
  • hieroglyphic, origin of, [100];
  • great quantity of writing in, [102], [104], [134–136];
  • discoveries of Layard, [104], [136];
  • of Rawlinson, [136];
  • diminutive specimens, [136];
  • Dr. Grotefend's "guess," [103];
  • how read, [102];
  • incorruptible character of, [103], [104];
  • cylinders, [79];
  • "deluge" tablet, [134].
• "Dark Ages"—extent, [127], [129];
  
  • decline of learning and literature therein, [33], [129–132], [149–151];
  • emergence from, [150–152], [168], [169].
• "Demotic"—writing, distinguished from "hieratic," [70], [92], [98], [99];
  
  • on Rosetta Stone, [99].
• "Diptych"—defined, [82].
  
• Ephraem—monk, [63];
  
  • Manuscript ("C"), [63], [64], [65].
• "Gait"—of handwriting, [55];
  
  • of mind, [57].
• Greece—fountain source of literature, [138].
  
• Grotefend (Dr.)—and cuneiform inscription, [103].
  
• Gutenberg—place and time of birth, [12];
  
  • his invention and its significance, [12], [13];
  • first printed book, [14], [15];
  • first press, [13];
  • experimentations, [13], [14];
  • price paid for one copy, [14];
  • first edition printed, [30].
• Hammurabi—code of, [80];
  
  • inscription and purpose of, [80], [110].
• "Hand"—importance of, [47], [56], [57], [159];
  
  • changes in, [112–117];
  • provincial and national "hands," [115]-117.
• Handwriting—unwritten literature, [20], [27], [28];
  
  • the two great stages of the classic, [113], [114];
  • slow and laborious process of, [27–29], [47];
  • two chief desiderata of written MSS, [46], [47];
  • costly, [29–32].
• Hebrew—language and literature, [109], [110], [122], [123].
  
• Herodotus—testimony to Persian archives, [59];
  
  • books of, [139].
• "Hieratic"—writing, defined, [92];
  
  • distinguished from "demotic," [70], [98].
• Hieroglyphic—writing, earliest mode of recording ideas, [20], [21], [28], [70], [91–99];
  
  • universal, [92], [107];
  • one of the tri-lingual inscriptions, [98];
  • two classes of, [94–97];
  • number of, [97].
• Homer—writings of long un-recorded, [24];
  
  • "books" of, [139], [140].
• "Ideographic"—writing, defined, [94], [95];
  
  • clumsy and imperfect, [97], [98];
  • limitations of, illustrated, [97], [98];
  • key to decipherment, [98], [99];
  • Cretan undeciphered, [107], [108].
• "India"—paper, quality, [76], [77];
  
  • tests of strength and durability, [77];
  • remarkable productions on, [76], [77];
  • ink, [86].
• Inks—importance and necessity of good, [47], [57], [83];
  
  • composition of ancient, [83], [84];
  • lost art, [86];
  • various kinds and colors, [84], [85], [86];
  • uses of colored, [85];
  • millenniums-old, [84];
  • tests of genuineness of written documents, [57];
  • printers', [14];
  • "royal," [86];
  • "India," [86].
• "Interrogation" (?)—punctuation mark, [124].
  
• Inventions—outgrowth of necessity, [40], [60], [62];
  
  • in printing, [11];
  • in paper, [72];
  • in the alphabet, [91], [92], [106], [107];
  • improvement and progress in, [16], [17], [62], [63];
  • in punctuation, [120], [121], [123], [125];
  • improvement in materials and arrangement of books, [62], [69], [70], [72–77], [81], [82].
• Jews—devotion to sacred books, [49];
  
  • rules governing copyists, [49], [50], [51];
  • Septuagint Version for, [141].
• Language—most distinguishing characteristic of mankind, [90];
  
  • earliest decipherable, [108–111];
  • first use of alphabetic writing, [105], [106];
  • the Gospel in many languages, [34–38], [41];
  • many and various versions, [38], [39].
• Leather—earliest material of portable books, [59];
  
  • Hebrew statutes written on, [59];
  • age of skin-rolls, [59];
  • royal archives of Persia on, [59];
  • Yemanite rolls, [59].
• Libraries—earliest at Nippur, [133–135];
  
  • contents of Nippur tablets, [134], [136];
  • "deluge" tablet, [134], [135];
  • at Assur-bani-pal, [103], [135];
  • scribes of, [135], [136];
  • the number of tablets therein, [135], [136];
  • size of tablets and of writing, [136];
  • magnifying lens found, [136];
  • contents of tablets, [134], [136], [137];
  • at Pergamos, [137];
  • number of rolls in, [137];
  • disposition of, [137], [145];
  • at Alexandria, [137], [138];
  • treasures of learning in, [127], [137], [138], [141];
  • preëminence of, [137], [138];
  • books of, [138];
  • how books secured, [135], [138], [140], [141];
  • scribes of, [127], [128], [136], [137], [138], [140];
  • number and size of books therein, [137–140];
  • varying fortunes of, [143–145];
  • irreparable loss, [145];
  • tradition of the destruction, [143], [144];
  • at Constantinople, [146–148];
  • fostered by the Emperor, [147–148];
  • successively wasted and renewed, [148], [152];
  • of monasteries, [131], [132], [148], [149], [151], [152];
  • of churches, [148];
  • at Paris, and elsewhere, [64], [94], [149], [151–153];
  • the Vatican, [64], [170];
  • British Museum, [59], [64], [80], [136];
  • how libraries perpetuated and replenished, [130], [135], [136–141], [147], [152], [157], [163];
  • number of books in leading modern, [142].
• Literature—how first perpetuated, [19], [22], [27], [28];
  
  • period of the MSS, [19];
  • materials of written MSS, [46–88];
  • punctuation and other devices of literature, [120–125];
  • stichometry, [123];
  • chapters and verses of the Bible, [120–124];
  • ideomatic use of language in, [123];
  • modern distinctions of, [120–125];
  • Aldus Manutius and modern punctuation, [125];
  • extended by Arabian conquests, [152], [153];
  • system of notation, [126].
• Manuscripts—form of book, [61–65];
  
  • period of, [19–33];
  • two desiderata for, [46], [47];
  • cost of, [29–36], [46], [54], [130];
  • enemies of, [48];
  • restoration of palimpsest, [63];
  • repairing old and damaged, [49], [130];
  • abundance of Bible and why, [33], [35–39];
  • preservation of, [47], [48], [130], [165], [167];
  • the preëminent "uncials": codex "א" (Sinaitic), [44], [64], [65], [147], [166];
  • codex "B" (Vatican), [44], [64], [65];
  • codex "A" (Alexandrian), [64], [65];
  • codex "C" (Ephraem), [63], [64], [65];
  • rare and embellished, [52–54], [93], [94], [159];
  • the Septuagint, [141].
• Materials—variety and changes in, [44], [47], [55–58], [79];
  
  • skin of animals, [59];
  • leather, [59], [60], [61];
  • parchment, [59];
  • vellum, [59], [61], [147];
  • papyrus, [57];
  • preparation of papyrus, [67], [68];
  • first form of books, [61], [62];
  • letter form, [62];
    
  • earliest known roll-books, [59];
  • commerce in, [31], [70], [71];
  • paper introduced in West, [73];
  • variety of substances used in paper-making, [72];
  • other materials displaced by paper, [75];
  • development of paper-making and printing-press, [75];
  • paper long made by hand, [75], [76];
  • "India" paper, [76], [77];
  • tablets of various kinds, [78–81], [101];
  • protected tablets, [81], [82] (see [Tablets]).
• Manutius—and system of punctuation, [125].
  
• "Mazarin"—Bible, first printed book, [14];
  
  • why so called, [14].
• Memory—phenomenal and reliable, [24–27].
  
• Middle Ages—referred to, [53], [63], [115], [116], [125], [163];
  
  • bounds of, [127], [129];
  • ignorance in, [130–132], [149], [150], [154];
  • period of emergence (renaissance), [168], [169].
• Minstrelsy—relation to history and literature, [22–26].
  
• Moabite Stone—referred to, [79];
  
  • discovered, described, and deciphered, [79], [108], [109];
  • age and importance, [109–111];
  • kinship with the Siloam Inscription, [111], [112].
• Monasteries—widely established, [148–152], [154–157], [159–168];
  
  • seats of book-making industry, [157–159];
  • depositories of books, [157–169];
  • relation to learning, [150], [151], [156], [157], [162–164];
  • extent and value of schools' instruction, [156], [160].
• Monasticism—origin of, [154], [155];
  
  • extent of, [150–152], [155];
  • weaknesses, [159], [160];
  • contributions to society, [156–165], [168].
• Monks—copyists, [132], [157], [158], [161–165];
  
  • civilizers, [162], [163], [164], [167];
  • promoted learning and letters, [161–164].
• Moors—relation to civilization in Europe, [73];
  
  • first paper-makers of Spain, [73].
• Museum—British, [59], [64], [80], [93], [104], [136];
  
  • Alexandrian, [137], [138], [145];
  • destruction of, [143], [145];
  • Berlin, [80].
• Nippur—antiquity of, [133];
  
  • results of explorations on site, [133–137].
• Notation—system, a development, [125], [126];
  
  • "cipher" of, [126].
• "Orders"—first, [150], [155] (see [monasteries], [monasticism], [monks]).
  
• Paintings—mural, at Washington, [20], [21];
  
  • on MSS, [52], [53], [54].
• Palæography—art and science of, [89], [90], [159];
  
  • development, [90], [92];
  • modern penmanship a questionable accomplishment, [90];
  • writing, crystalized speech, [90], [91];
  • three sources of written language:
  • (1) Hieroglyphics, [20], [21], [91–99];
  • (2) Cuneiform, [99–104];
  • (3) Alphabetic, [91], [92], [104–112];
  • classic writing a product, [112];
  • two stages of classic writing—"uncial," [113], [114];
  • "minuscule," [113], [114];
  • undeciphered script of ancient Cretans, [100], [108];
  • provincial and national "hands," [115]-117;
  • the "ascent" of the Anglo-Saxon "hand," [115], [116];
  • changes in the direction of writing, [116], [117];
  • the "hand" a factor in determining age of writing, [117–119].
• "Palimpsests"—defined, [63];
  
  • examples, [63].
• Paper—origin of, [72], [73];
  
  • itinerary of progress in making, [72], [73];
  • substances used as "pulp" for, [72];
  • materials for making—cotton, [57], [73], [74];
  • linen, [58], [74];
  • flax and rags, [58], [74];
  • other substances, [72], [74], [78];
  • supercession of other materials by, [75], [76];
  • earliest documents on, [74];
  • "water marks" of, [55], [56];
  • long made by hand, [75];
  • interleaved and "reinforced," [69], [75];
  • improved methods of making, [74–76];
  • complement of the printing-press, [74], [75];
  • "India" paper and tests and examples of, [76], [79].
• Papyrus—source of, [66];
  
  • plant described, [67], [101];
  • preparation of, [67], [68];
  • cost, [31], [66];
  • general use of, [66], [70], [71];
  • period of use, [44], [70], [71];
  • commerce in, [70], [71];
  • exportation from Egypt forbidden, [60], [70], [71];
  • roll-books on, [68], [69];
  • "reinforced," [69];
  • subdivision of large rolls on, [139], [140];
  • fragile, [44], [48], [69], [103];
  • the oldest rolls on, [70], [84], [85];
  • the "Prisse" papyrus, [93].
• Parchment—from skins of animals, [59], [60], [62];
  
  • preparation of, [60];
  • best material, [60], [61];
  • scarcity and cost and "palimpsests," [63];
  • valuable MSS of Bible on, [52–54], [64], [65].
• Pergamos—parchment first made at, [60];
  
  • library of, [137], [145].
• Pens—for writing, [87];
  
  • "pen-knife," [87].
• Pentecost—relation of first to spread of Gospel, [34–36].
  
• "Period"—punctuation mark, [124].
  
• Phœnicians—developed ideographic alphabet, [105–107], [109], [110];
  
  • earliest traders and first to need a communicable language, [106];
  • alphabet and Philistines, [106].
• "Phonetic"—writing, described, [94–96].
  
• "Pointings"—a development, [122], [123], [124].
  
• "Polyptych"—described, [82].
  
• Printing—the invention of, [11–13];
  
  • reputed examples in China and Japan, [11], [12], [14];
  • Gutenberg the inventor, [13];
  • first types, [13];
  • original press and modern, [13], [28], [29], [30];
  • importance of, [16–18], [28], [29], [75];
  • typography witness to date of, [117], [118];
  • contrasted with oral tradition, [24], [25];
  • "proof correction" an aid to purity of literature, [17], [18].
• Punctuation—system developed, [120–125];
  
  • modern, [114], [120], [125];
  • indispensable to literature and commerce, [120–122];
  • system completed, [125].
• Ptolemaic (dynasty)—"Soter," [137];
  
  • "Philadelphus," [137], [138];
  • relation to Alexandrian Library, [137], [138];
  • "Epiphanes," [98], [99].
• Renaissance—time and importance of, [150–152], [168], [169].
  
• Revelation—progressive, [41], [42];
  
  • materials embodying, subject to exposure, [42–44].
• Revised Version—feat of N. T. publication, [28];
  
  • errors in, [17].
• Roll-book—earliest form in leather and papyrus, [59], [61], [68], [69];
  
  • antiquity of, [59], [70], [84];
  • size of, [68], [69], [83], [139], [140].
• Roman alphabet—ascendancy of and reasons for, [114], [115], [116].
  
• Rosetta Stone—referred to, [70], [79];
  
  • discovery of, [79], [94], [98];
  • described, [98], [99];
  • tri-lingual inscription on, [70], [98], [99];
  • key to decipherment, [99];
  • and Egyptian literature, [79], [99].
• Schools—of abbeys and monasteries, [151], [156], [157], [163], [164];
  
  • Arabian, [155].
• Scribes—professional, [127];
  
  • monks, [128], [157–159], [163], [164];
  • dignitaries and princes, [128];
  • slaves, [129], [130];
  • persons of sedentary habits, [129];
  • women, [128];
  • dictation to by reader, [157], [158];
  • beauty of work, [52–54], [159];
  • wages of, [29–32];
  • employed in libraries, [135], [138], [140], [145], [147].
• "Scriptorium"—of monasteries, [157], [158], [165].
  
• "Semicolon"—punctuation mark, [124].
  
• "Septuagint"—what and for whom, [141];
  
  • probable fate of original, [141];
  • compared with, [145].
• Siloam Inscription—place, date, and object, [111], [112];
  
  • discovery and significance of, [111], [112];
  • related to Moabite Stone, [112].
• Sinaitic Manuscript—referred to, [44];
  
  • when and by whom discovered, [166];
  • described, [61], [64], [65], [148];
  • where treasured, [64];
  • rank, [65].
• Speech—distinguishing characteristic of man, [90].
  
• St. Catharine—convent of, [64], [166], [167];
  
  • depository of Sinaitic MS for centuries, [166];
  • location and entrance, [167].
• "Stichometry"—species of early punctuation, [123], [124].
  
• Stylus—instrument used on clay, wax, etc., [81], [82], [87], [101], [102].
  
• Tablets—early, [28], [48];
  
  • the material of and preparation, [78], [79], [81], [101], [102];
  • size and form, [79], [135], [136];
  • number, [79], [104], [134], [135], [136];
  • Tel-el-Amarna, [79], [80];
  • Cnossos, [107];
  • character of writing on, [79], [80], [101–103], [136];
  • subjects treated, [79], [80], [134], [136], [137];
  • wood for, [81];
  • wax, [78], [81], [82];
  • envelopes for, [101];
  • protected, [82], [101];
  • "deluge," [134].
• Thirteenth century—referred to, [30], [39], [54], [159];
  
  • great, [151], [159], [168];
  • renaissance began in, [151];
  • libraries and universities founded during, [151], [152].
• "Tongues"—at Pentecost, [34];
  
  • object of the "gift," [34]-36.
• Tradition—preceded written records, [22];
  
  • preserved and perpetuated literature, [21–27];
  • of the Alexandrian Library's destruction, [143], [144].
• "Triptych"—described, [82].
  
• Types—printing, [12];
  
  • composition of, [13], [14];
  • changes in, an aid in determining age of literature, [117], [118].
• "Uncial"—the earliest classic "hand," [113], [114];
  
  • the "hand" of the preëminent MSS of the Bible, [64], [65].
• Universities—when founded, [151];
  
  • expeditions of Pennsylvania University, [134].
• Vatican—manuscript referred to, [44], [53];
  
  • described, [64], [65];
  • on vellum, [52–54], [61];
  • depository of, [64];
  • Library, [64], [169], [170].
• Vellum—described, [61];
  
  • Bible MSS on, [52–54], [61].
• Versions—of the Bible, [35–39], [45];
  
  • Septuagint, [141].
• Volume—earliest form of books, [61–65], [68];
  
  • size of, [68], [69], [139];
  • first writing on one side of, [61], [138];
  • larger works divided, [139], [140];
  • roll-books designated by letters, [140].
• Wage—for scribe in time of Diocletian, [31].
  
• "Water marks"—impressed in fiber of paper, [55], [56];
  
  • old custom and test of genuineness of documents, [56], [57].
• Writing—materials used and changes in, [46–48], [50], [52–58], [60], [70], [71], [78];
  
  • instruments adaptable to, [87];
  • inks, [83–86];
  • art and science of, [89], [90];
  • modern neglect of the art, [90];
  • "crystalized" speech, [90], [91];
  • development of, [91], [92];
  • picture writing, [20], [91–98];
  • the three great "species" of, [92]—
  • (1) Hieroglyphic, [91–99];
  • two classes of: "ideographic" and "phonetic," [94]-96;
  • distinctions of "hieratic" and "demotic," [70], [94], [98], [99];
  • the Rosetta Stone the "key" to the early Egyptian writing, [94], [98], [99];
  • clumsy and uncertain, [97], [98];
  • (2) Cuneiform, [99–104];
  • Dr. Grotefend's decipherment of, [103];
  • tablets and cylinders, [79–82];
  • Tel-el-Amarna tablets and the Hammurabi monument, [79], [80];
  • (3) Alphabetic, [104–112];
  • origin of, [91], [92], [105], [106];
  • oldest deciphered, [108–110];
  • the undeciphered Minoan script, [108];
  • Moabite Stone and Siloam Inscription, [108–112];
  • Phœnician contribution to alphabetic literature, [105–108];
  • the pre-exilic of Palestine, [111];
  • classic writing, [112–117];
  • development of national and provincial "hands," [112]-117;
  • "uncial" and "cursive" "hands," [113], [114];
  • Anglo-Saxon "hand," [115], [116];
  • changes in the direction of writing, [116], [117];
  • style of writing a verisimilitude of genuineness, [117–119];
  • determining age of composition, [118], [119];
  • compared and contrasted with printing, [27–32], [138].
• Young (Dr.)—labors in deciphering the Rosetta Stone and the Egyptian hieroglyphics, [98], [99].
  
• "Zero"—the cipher completing the system of notation, [126];
  
  • when and by whom added, [126].

[FOOTNOTES]

[1] The Influence of the Bible on Civilisation, p. 119.

[2] The Influence of the Bible on Civilisation, p. 121.

[3] Middle Ages, vol. 1, p. 7.

[4] International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, art. "Books."

[5] Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition).

[6] Authors and Their Public, pp. 63, 106.

[7] International Standard Bible Ency., art. "Books."

[8] The Influence of the Bible on Civilisation, pp. 13, 14.