The beginnings of cheap steel

by Philip W. Bishop

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[ ³]Holley's work is outside the scope of this paper. Belatedly, his biography is now being written. It can hardly fail to substantiate the contention that during his short life (1832-1882) Holley, who negotiated the purchase of the American rights to Bessemer's process, also adapted his methods to the American scene and laid a substantial part of the foundation for the modern American steel industry

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[ ⁴]Andrew Ure, Dictionary of arts, manufactures and mines, New York, 1856, p. 735

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[ ⁵]See abridgement of British patent 8021 of 1839 quoted by James S. Jeans, Steel, London, 1880, p. 28 ff. It is not clear that Heath was aware of the precise chemical effect of the use of manganese in this way

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[ ⁶]Mining Journal, 1857, vol. 27, p. 465

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[ ⁷]Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S., an autobiography, London, 1905, p. 332