His whole nature, his kindliness, his compassion for human suffering, his hope for the ultimate welfare of all, inclined him to a kindly dogmatism, which included even those unbelievers "qui ont beau faire, pour s'étourdir sur l'autre monde, et qui finiront par être sauvés malgré eux."[97] "La religion, disait-il, est la ressource du malheureux, quelquefois même celle du philosophe; n'enlevons pas à la pauvre espèce humaine cette consolation, que la Providence divine lui a ménagée."[98] He had a distinct dislike for philosophical arguments in refutation of things spiritual, and one day on being asked as to what he considered the nature of the soul, he replied, "Je sais qu'elle est spirituelle et immortelle, et je n'en sais rien de plus "; and when it was suggested to refer the discussion to Fontenelle, with his characteristic readiness of speech retorted, "Il a trop d'esprit pour en savoir là-dessus plus que moi."[99]
If Marivaux was preeminently admired in England for his Spectateur, he was scarcely less so for his novels; there is no doubt that Marianne inspired Richardson's Pamela and Clarissa Harlowe, and that le Paysan parvenu had its influence upon Fielding's Joseph Andrews and Tom Jones.[100]
Opinions differ greatly as to the comparative merits of Marivaux the novelist and Marivaux the dramatist. His contemporaries[101] considered him superior in the former capacity. Larroumet classes him in the "small number of those who have shown themselves equally fitted for the drama and the novel,"[102] while Sainte-Beuve [103] declares for the superiority of his drama. Certainly, one does not weary of his delightful comedies, never long enough to tire, even were they less fascinating than they are, for they never exceed three acts, except in the case of the Serments indiscrets, which is in five. His creative genius is seen, as nowhere else, in these brief comedies.
After the haute comédie of Molière, with its presentation of types of character rather than of individuals, and with its general lessons to mankind, it would have been impossible for Marivaux to have gained glory in the same field. His fondness for originality forbade him from following the traces of his predecessors. He preferred, he said, "être humblement assis sur le dernier banc dans la petite troupe des auteurs originaux, qu'orgueilleusement placé à la première ligne dans le nombreux bétail des singes littéraires."[104] So, in the midst of the society in which he moved, a society of idlers, rich, elegant, refined, men in periwigs, in rich brocades and laces, women too, bewitching with their powdered hair, their delicate complexions enhanced by rouge and patches coquettishly arranged, their caught-up skirts and low-cut bodices, Marivaux, with his keen eyes open to the love intrigues so artfully conducted, with his mind awake to all the witty sayings rife on everybody's tongue, and with his kindly, charitable heart, found inspiration for those dainty creations, so picturesque, so subtle, and so fascinating that they have never ceased to charm, perhaps less truly creations than sketches of the society about him, although no other writer has been able to handle his elusive pen in the portrayal of similar scenes.
In what does the originality of the comedies of Marivaux consist? In general, one may say, in his treatment of love, their prevailing theme. "Chez mes confrères," says Marivaux, "l'amour est en querelle avec ce qui l'environne, et finit par être heureux, malgré les opposants; chez moi, il n'est en querelle qu'avec lui seul, et finit par être heureux malgré lui. Il apprendra dans mes pièces à se défier encore plus des tours qu'il se joue, que des pièges qui lui sont tendus par des mains étrangères." It is true that throughout his plays the lovers rarely encounter any hindrance from without. There is very little action or intrigue. The dialogue, witty, brilliant, and ingenious, is all-important, and the denouement often depends upon a misunderstanding, so easy to explain that one sometimes wonders at the wilfulness of the characters in failing to set the matter right until the end.[105] As in all of his plays, marriage follows closely upon the solution of the difficulty; it has been said that his lovers "s'aiment le plus tard qu'ils peuvent, et se marient le plus tôt qu'il est possible." [106] With the respect which we have seen in Marivaux for the marriage relation, we are not surprised to note in his characters such fear of poorly assorted unions, that it is only with much questioning into their own and each other's hearts, and with manifold misgivings, that they are brought at last to say the final word.
Marivaux is the first of the French writers of comedy to treat love seriously,[107] but, though he freed the theme from the malice or flippancy with which it had been treated by his predecessors, he was nevertheless a stranger to that intense and passionate love that we have come to associate with the romantic drama. Some have gone so far as to say that it is not amour at all that he portrays, but only amour-propre. It is a gentle, courtly love, respectful, almost reverential, though not confiding. "Marivaux pense et dit de l'amour ce qu'en pensait, ce qu'en disait l'auteur de la première partie de ce Roman de la Rose,
Où l'art d'Amour est toute enclose.
Par sa fine sentimentalité, par sa casuistique amoureuse, par son goût pour l'allégorie, Marivaux aurait fraternisé, au XIIIe siècle, avec le suave Guillaume de Lorris."[108] His drama is eminently psychological. "J'ai guetté dans le coeur humain," says Marivaux "toutes les niches différentes où peut se cacher l'amour lorsqu'il craint de se montrer, et chacune de mes comédies a pour objet de le faire sortir d'une de ces niches."[109]
The absence of the broad comic of Molière, Regnard, or Beaumarchais is conspicuous. The comedies of Marivaux rarely provoke more than a smile, and never bursts of merriment. The pathetic is no less lacking, and yet the interest never flags. Where, then, is their charm? It lies in the brilliant dialogue and in the interest Marivaux has been able to awaken in the psychological development of love in the hearts of the chief characters. With so much similarity, it is yet wonderful to note the variety that the author has been able to introduce into his comedies, which some critics and envious ones of his time have dubbed, one and all, as so many Surprises de l'amour, D'Alembert, who was often so just, and at times so unjust, towards Marivaux, blames him for having made but one comedy in twenty different fashions,[110] but is fair enough to quote the author's own defence of the accusation, "Dans mes pièces, c'est tantôt un amour ignoré des deux amants, tantôt un amour qu'ils sentent et qu'ils veulent se cacher l'un à l'autre, tantôt un amour timide, qui n'ose se déclarer; tantôt enfin un amour incertain et comme indécis, un amour à demi-né, pour ainsi dire, dont ils se doutent sans être bien sûrs, et qu'ils épient au-dedans d'eux-mêmes avant de lui laisser prendre l'essor. Où est en cela toute cette ressemblance qu'on ne cesse de m'objecter?"[111]
The years have passed, and critics have fully justified this plea. The most convincing argument is undoubtedly the examination of the plays themselves. Leaving out of account le Père prudent and Annibal, the following more or less arbitrary classification may serve to show the predominating note in each comedy:—