Elements of the Theory and Practice of Chymistry, 5th ed.

by Pierre Joseph Macquer

CONTENTS.

Elements of the Theory of Chymistry.

[CHAP. I].
Of the Principles of Bodies	Page [1]
[Sect. 1]. Of Air	2
[Sect. 2]. Of Water	3
[Sect. 3]. Of Earth	4
[Sect. 4]. Of Fire	5
[Sect. 5]. Of the Phlogiston	7
[Chap. II.] A general View of the Relations or Affinities between Bodies	9
[Chap. III.] Of Saline Substances in general	11
[Sect. 1]. Of Acids	12
[Sect. 2]. Of Alkalis	14
[Sect. 3]. Of Neutral Salts	15
[Chap. IV.] Of the Several Sorts of Saline Substances.
[Sect. 1]. Of the Universal Acid	18
[Sect. 2]. Of the Nitrous Acid	22
[Sect. 3]. Of the Marine Acid	25
[Chap. V.] Of Lime	29
[Chap. VI.] Of Metallic Substances in general	34
[Chap. VII.] Of Metals	37
[Sect. 1]. Of Gold	ib.
[Sect. 2]. Of Silver	39
[Sect. 3]. Of Copper	44
[Sect. 4]. Of Iron	47
[Sect. 5]. Of Tin	52
[Sect. 6]. Of Lead	53
[Chap. VIII.] Of Quick-Silver	58
[Chap. IX.] Of the Semi-Metals.
[Sect. 1]. Of Regulus of Antimony	62
[Sect. 2]. Of Bismuth	69
[Sect. 3]. Of Zinc	70
S[ect. 4]. Of Regulus of Arsenic	72
[Chap. X.] Of Oil in general	76
[Sect. 1]. Of Charcoal	77
[Sect. 2]. Of Soap	78
[Chap. XI.] Of the Several Sorts of Oils.
[Sect. 1]. Of Mineral Oils	79
[Sect. 2]. Of Vegetable Oils	80
[Sect. 3]. Of Animal Oils	82
[Chap. XII.] Of Fermentation in general	83
[Chap. XIII.] Of the Spirituous Fermentation	84
[Chap. XIV]. Of the Acetous Fermentation	90
[Sect. 1]. Of Vinegar	91
[Sect. 2]. Of Tartar	93
[Chap. XV.] Of the Putrid Fermentation, or Putrefaction	96
[Chap. XVI.] A general View of Chymical Decomposition	101
[Sect. 1]. The Analysis of Vegetable Substances	102
Emulsions	104
[Sect. 2]. The Analysis of Animal Substances	106
[Sect. 3]. The Analysis of Mineral Substances	108
Of the Pyrites	110
Of Ores	112
[Chap. XVII.] Explanation of the Table of Affinities	119
[Chap. XVIII.] The Theory of Constructing the Vessels most commonly used in Chymistry	126
[Chap. XIX]. The Theory of Constructing the Furnaces most commonly used in Chymistry	133
[Of Lutes]	147
[Elements of the Practice of Chymistry].
Introduction	153
PART I. Of Minerals.
[SECTION I].
Operations performed on Saline Mineral Substances.
[Chap. I.] Of the Vitriolic Acid.
[1]. Process. To extract Vitriol from the Pyrites	159
[2]. To extract Sulphur from the Pyrites, and other Sulphureous Minerals	162
[3]. To extract Alum from aluminous Minerals	165
[4]. To extract the Vitriolic Acid from Copperas or Green Vitriol	170
[5]. To decompose Sulphur, and extract its Acid, by burning it	174
[6]. To concentrate the Vitriolic Acid	176
[7]. To decompound Vitriolated Tartar by means of the Phlogiston; or to compose Sulphur by combining the Vitriolic Acid with the Phlogiston	179
[Chap. II.] Of the Nitrous Acid.
[1]. Process. To Extract Nitre out of Nitrous Earths and Stones. The Purification of Salt-Petre. Mother of Nitre. Magnesia	181
[2]. To decompose Nitre by means of the Phlogiston. Nitre fixed by Charcoal. Clyssus of Nitre. Sal Polychrestum	186
[3]. To decompose Nitre by means of the Vitriolic Acid. The Smoking Spirit of Nitre. Sal de duobus. The Purification of Spirit of Nitre	191
[Chap. III.] Of the Marine Acid.
[1]. Process. To extract Sea-salt from Sea-water, and from Brine-springs. Epsom Salt	195
[2]. Experiments concerning the Decomposition of Sea-salt by means of the Phlogiston. Kunckel's Phosphorus	197
[3]. To decompose Sea-salt by means of the Vitriolic Acid. Glauber's Salt. The Purification and Concentration of Spirit of Salt	211
[4]. To decompose Sea-salt by means of the Nitrous Acid. Aqua regis. Quadrangular Nitre	217
[Chap. IV.] Of Borax.	218
[SECTION II.]
Of Operations on Minerals.
[Chap. I.] Of Gold.
[1]. Process. To separate Gold, by Amalgamation with Mercury, from the Earths and Stones with which it is found mixed	223
[2]. To dissolve Gold in Aqua Regis, and by that means separate it from Silver. Aurum Fulminans. Aurum Fulminans reduced	227
[3]. To dissolve Gold by Liver of Sulphur	232
[4]. To separate Gold from all other Metalline substances by means of Antimony	233
[Chap. II.] Of Silver.
[1]. Process. To separate Silver from its Ore, by means of Scorification with Lead	238
[2]. The refining of Silver by the Cupel	243
[3]. To purify Silver by Nitre	248
[4]. To dissolve Silver in Aqua Fortis, and thereby separate it from every other Metalline substance. The Purification of Aqua Fortis. Silver precipitated by Copper	250
[5]. To separate Silver from the Nitrous Acid by Distillation. Crystals of Silver. The Infernal Stone	254
[6]. To separate Silver from the Nitrous Acid by Precipitation. Luna Cornea. Luna Cornea reduced	256
[7]. To dissolve Silver, and separate it from Gold, by Cementation	258
[Chap. III.] Of Copper.
[1]. Process. To separate Copper from its Ore	262
[2]. To purify Black Copper, and render it malleable	264
[3]. To deprive Copper of its Phlogiston by Calcination	266
[4]. To resuscitate the Calx of Copper, and reduce it to Metal, by restoring its Phlogiston	267
[5]. To dissolve Copper in the Mineral Acids	268
[Chap. IV.] Of Iron.
[1]. Process. To separate Iron from its Ore	270
[2]. To render Pig-iron and brittle Iron malleable	273
[3]. To convert Iron into Steel	274
[4]. The Calcination of Iron. Sundry Saffrons of Mars	276
[5]. Iron dissolved by the mineral Acids	277
[Chap. V.] Of Tin.
[1]. Process. To extract Tin from its Ore	279
[2]. The Calcination of Tin	280
[3]. The Dissolution of Tin by Acids	284
[Chap. VI.] Of Lead.
[1]. Process. To extract Lead from its Ore	286
[2]. To separate Lead from Copper	289
[3]. The Calcination of Lead	292
[4]. To prepare Glass of Lead	293
[5]. Lead dissolved by the Nitrous Acid	295
[Chap. VII.] Of Mercury.
[1]. Process. To extract Mercury from its Ore, or to revivify it from Cinabar	298
[2]. To give Mercury, by the action of Fire, the appearance of a Metalline Calx	301
[3]. To dissolve Mercury in the Vitriolic Acid. Turbith Mineral	302
[4]. To combine Mercury with Sulphur. Æthiop's Mineral	304
[5]. To sublime the Combination of Mercury and Sulphur into Cinabar	306
[6]. To dissolve Mercury in the Nitrous Acid. Sundry Mercurial Precipitates	307
[7]. To combine Mercury with the Acid of Sea-salt. Corrosive Sublimate	308
[8]. Sweet Sublimate	312
[9]. The Panacea of Mercury	314
[SECTION III.]
Of Operations on the Semi-Metals.
[Chap. I.] Of Antimony.
[1]. Process. To separate Antimony from its Ore	315
[2]. The common Regulus of Antimony	316
[3]. Regulus of Antimony precipitated by Metals	318
[4]. The Calcination of Antimony	321
[5]. Calx of Antimony reduced to a Regulus	323
[6]. Antimony calcined with Nitre. Liver of Antimony. Crocus Metallorum	325
[7]. Another Calcination of Antimony with Nitre. Diaphoretic Antimony. Materia Perlata. Clyssus of Antimony	326
[8]. Calx of Antimony vitrified	330
[9]. Kermes Mineral	331
[10]. Regulus of Antimony dissolved in the Mineral Acids	335
[11]. Regulus of Antimony combined with the Acid of Sea-salt Butter of Antimony. Cinabar of Antimony	338
[12]. Butter of Antimony decompounded by means of Water only. Pulvis Algaroth, or Mercurius Vitæ. The Philosophic Spirit of Vitriol	342
[13]. Bezoar Mineral. The Bezoartic Spirit of Nitre	343
[14]. Flowers of Antimony	347
[15]. Regulus of Antimony converted into Flowers	348
[Chap. II.] Of Bismuth.
[1]. Process. To extract Bismuth from its Ore	350
[2]. Bismuth dissolved by Acids. Magistery of Bismuth. Sympathetic Ink	352
[Chap. III.] Of Zinc.
[1]. Process. To extract Zinc from its Ore, or Calamine	357
[2]. To sublime Zinc into Flowers	359
[3]. To combine Zinc with Copper. Brass. Prince's Metal, &c.	361
[4]. Zinc dissolved in the Mineral Acids	365
[Chap. IV.] Of Arsenic.
[1]. Process. To extract Arsenic from its matrix. Zafre or Smalt	367
[2]. To separate Arsenic from Sulphur	371
[3]. To give Arsenic the Metalline Form. Regulus of Arsenic	374
[4]. To distil the Nitrous Acid by the interposition of Arsenic. Blue Aqua Fortis. A new Neutral Salt of Arsenic	377
[5]. To alkalizate Nitre by Arsenic	379
[PART II]. Of Vegetables.
[SECTION I.] Operations on unfermented Vegetables.
[Chap. I.] Of the Substances obtained from Vegetables by Expression only.
[1]. Process. To express and depurate the juice of a Plant, containing its Essential Salt. The crystallization of that Salt	383
[2]. To draw the Oils out of Kernels, Seeds, and Fruits, by Expression	386
[3]. To draw the Essential Oils of certain Fruits by Expression	387
[Chap. II.] Of the Substances obtained from Vegetables by Triture.
[1]. Process. To make the Extract of a Plant by Trituration	389
[2]. To extract from Seeds and Kernels, by Trituration, the matter of Emulsions	392
[Chap. III.] Of Operations on Fat Oils.
[1]. Process. To attenuate Fat Oils, and change their nature, by exposing them to the action of fire, and distilling them	395
[2]. To combine Fat Oils with Acids. The decomposition of this combination	398
[3]. To combine Fat Oils with Fixed Alkalis. Hard and Soft Soap. The decomposition of Soap	400
[4]. To combine Fat Oils with Sulphur	405
[5]. To combine Fat Oils with Lead, and the Calces of Lead. The Basis of Plasters. The decomposition of this combination	406
[Chap. IV.] Of the substances obtained from Vegetables with a degree of heat not exceeding that of boiling water.
[1]. Process. To obtain from Plants, by distilling them with the mean degree of heat between freezing and boiling water, a liquor impregnated with their Principle of Odour	408
[2]. To extract the Fat Oils of Plants by Decoction in boiling water. Cacao-Butter	410
[3]. To extract the Essential Oils of Plants by Distillation with the heat of boiling water. Distilled Water	412
[4]. To extract the Essential Oils of Plants by distillation per descensum	418
[5]. Infusions, Decoctions, and Extracts of Plants	419
[Chap. V.] Of Operations on Essential Oils.
[1]. Process. The Rectification of Essential Oils	422
[2]. To fire Oils by combining them with highly concentrated Acids: instanced in Oil of Turpentine	426
[3]. To combine Essential Oils with mineral Sulphur. Balsam of Sulphur. This composition decompounded	434
[4]. To combine Essential Oils with Fixed Alkalis. Starkey's Soap	438
[Chap. VI.] Of the Substances obtained from Vegetables by means of a graduated heat, from that of boiling water, to the strongest that can be applied to them in close vessels.
[1]. Process. To analyze vegetable substances that yield neither a Fat nor an Essential Oil: instanced in Guaiacum-Wood	440
[2]. To analyze a vegetable substance which yields the same principles as are obtained from Animal matters: instanced in Mustard-seed	445
[Chap. VII.] Of the Substances obtained from Vegetables by Combustion.
[1]. Process. To procure a Fixed, Caustic, Alkaline Salt from a vegetable substance, by burning it in the open air	448
[2]. To procure the Fixed Salt of a Plant, by burning it after the manner of Tachenius	453
[3]. To render Fixed Alkalis very Caustic by means of Lime. The Caustic Stone	455
[4]. The Analysis of Soot	457
[Chap. VIII.] The Analyses of some particular substances belonging to the Vegetable Kingdom.
[1]. Process. Analysis of the Native Balsams: instanced in Turpentine	460
[2]. The Analysis of Resins: instanced in Benjamin. The Flowers and Oil of Benjamin	463
Reflections on the Nature and Properties of Camphor	465
[3]. The Analysis of Bitumens: instanced in Amber. The Volatile Salt and Oil of Amber	467
[4]. The Analysis of Bee's Wax, and such Oily Compounds as are analogous to it	472
[5]. The Saccharine juices of Plants analyzed: instanced in Honey	474
[6]. Gummy substances analyzed: instanced in Gum Arabic	476
[SECTION II.] Of Operations on Fermented Vegetable Substances.
[Chap. I.] Of the Product of Spirituous Fermentation.
[1]. Process. To make Wine of Vegetable Substances that are susceptible of Spirituous Fermentation	478
[2]. To draw an Ardent Spirit from substances that have undergone the Spirituous Fermentation. The Analysis of Wine	482
[3]. To dephlegmate Spirit of Wine by the means of Fixed Alkalis. Spirit of Wine analyzed	486
[Chap. II.] Spirit of Wine combined with different Substances.
[1]. Process. To combine Spirit of Wine with the Vitriolic Acid. This combination decompounded. Rabel's Water. Æther. Sweet Oil of Vitriol. Hoffman's Anodyne Mineral Liquor	492
[2]. Spirit of Wine combined with Spirit of Nitre. Sweet Spirit of Nitre	503
[3]. Spirit of Wine combined with the Acid of Sea-salt. Dulcified Spirit of Salt	508
[4]. Oils, or Oily matters, that are soluble in Spirit of Wine, separated from Vegetables, and dissolved, by means of that Menstruum. Tinctures; Elixirs; Varnishes. Aromatic Strong Waters	510
[Chap. III.] Of Tartar.
[1]. Process. Tartar analyzed by distillation. The Spirit, Oil, and Alkaline Salt of Tartar	514
[2]. The depuration of Tartar. Cream and Crystals of Tartar	517
[Chap. IV.] Crystal of Tartar combined with several substances.
[1]. Process. Crystal of Tartar combined with Absorbent Earths. Soluble Tartars	519
[2]. Crystal of Tartar combined with Fixed Alkalis. The Vegetable Salt. Saignette's Salt. The decomposition of Soluble Tartar	524
[3]. Crystal of Tartar combined with Iron. Chalybeated Tartar. Tincture of Steel with Tartar. Soluble Chalybeated Tartar	528
[4]. Crystal of Tartar combined with the reguline part of Antimony. Stibiated or Emetic Tartar	534
[Chap. V.] Of the Product of Acetous Fermentation.
[1]. Process. Substances susceptible of the Acetous Fermentation turned into Vinegar	536
[2]. To concentrate Vinegar by Frost	540
[3]. Vinegar analyzed by distillation	542
[Chap. VI.] The Acid of Vinegar combined with different Substances.
[1]. Process. The Acid of Vinegar combined with Alkaline Substances. Foliated Salt of Tartar, or Regenerated Tartar. Decomposition of that Salt	547
[2]. The Acid of Vinegar combined with Copper. Verdegris. Crystals of Copper. This combination decompounded. Spirit of Verdegris	550
[3]. The Acid of Vinegar combined with Lead. Ceruse. Salt or Sugar of Lead. This combination decompounded	552
[Chap. VII.] Of the Putrid Fermentation of Vegetable Substances.
[1]. Process. The Putrefaction of Vegetables	557
[2]. Putrefied Vegetable substances analyzed	559
[PART III]. Of Operations on Animal Substances.
[CHAP. I.] Of Milk.
[1]. Process. Milk separated into Butter, Curd, and Whey: instanced in Cow's Milk	562
[2]. Butter analyzed by distillation	566
[3]. The Curd of Milk analyzed by distillation	569
[4]. Whey analyzed	571
[Chap. II.] Of the Substances which compose an Animal Body.
[1]. Process. Blood analyzed: instanced in Bullock's Blood	574
[2]. Flesh analyzed: instanced in Beef	580
[3]. Bones analyzed: instanced in Ox-bones	583
[4]. Animal Fat analyzed: instanced in Mutton-Suet	584
[5]. Eggs analyzed: instanced in Pullet's Eggs	586
[Chap. III.] Of Animal Excrements.
[1]. Process. Dung analyzed: instanced in Human Excrement. Mr. Homberg's Phosphorus	588
[2]. Human Urine analyzed	596
[Chap. IV.] Of Volatile Alkalis.
[1]. Process. Volatile Alkalis rectified and depurated	599
[2]. Volatile Alkalis combined with Acids. Sundry Ammoniacal Salts. Sal Ammoniac	602
[3]. Sal Ammoniac decompounded by Acids	607
[4]. Sal Ammoniac decompounded by Fixed Alkalis. Volatile Salt. The Febrifuge of Sylvius	608
[5]. Sal Ammoniac decompounded by Absorbent Earths and Lime. Volatile Spirit of Sal Ammoniac. Fixed Sal Ammoniac. Oil of Lime	611
[6]. Volatile Alkalis combined with oily matters. A Volatile Oily Aromatic Salt	616
[Illustrations]
PLATE FIRST. Alembics.	[621]
PLATE SECOND. Alembic and other equipment.	[622]
PLATE THIRD. Reverberating Furnace.	[623]
PLATE FOURTH. Cupelling Furnace.	[624]
GEOFFROY'S TABLE of the COMPARATIVE AFFINITIES	[625]
INDEX	[629]

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ELEMENTS
OF THE
THEORY of CHYMISTRY.

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[CHAP. I.]

Of the Principles of Bodies.