ADEIMANTUS.
Adeimantus takes up the argument. Justice is praised and injustice blamed, but only out of regard to their consequences.[E]Nonsense, he replied. But let me add something more: There is another side to Glaucon’s argument about the praise and censure of justice and injustice, which is equally required in order to bring out what I believe to be his meaning. Parents and tutors are always telling their sons and their [363]wards that they are to be just; but why? not for the sake of justice, but for the sake of character and reputation; in the hope of obtaining for him who is reputed just some of those offices, marriages, and the like which Glaucon has enumerated among the advantages accruing to the unjust from the reputation of justice. More, however, is made of appearances by this class of persons than by the others; for they throw in the good opinion of the gods, and will tell you of a shower of benefits which the heavens, as they say, rain upon the pious; and this accords with the testimony of the noble Hesiod and Homer, the first of whom says, that the gods [B]make the oaks of the just—
‘To bear acorns at their summit, and bees in the middle;
And the sheep are bowed down with the weight of their fleeces[3],’
and many other blessings of a like kind are provided for them. And Homer has a very similar strain; for he speaks of one whose fame is—
‘As the fame of some blameless king who, like a god,
Maintains justice; to whom the black earth brings forth
[C]Wheat and barley, whose trees are bowed with fruit,
And his sheep never fail to bear, and the sea gives him fish[4].’
The rewards and punishments of another life.Still grander are the gifts of heaven which Musaeus and his son[5] vouchsafe to the just; they take them down into the 43 world below, where they have the saints lying on couches at a feast, everlastingly drunk, crowned with garlands; their [D]idea seems to be that an immortality of drunkenness is the highest meed of virtue. Some extend their rewards yet further; the posterity, as they say, of the faithful and just shall survive to the third and fourth generation. This is the style in which they praise justice. But about the wicked there is another strain; they bury them in a slough in Hades, and make them carry water in a sieve; also while they are yet living they bring them to infamy, and inflict [E]upon them the punishments which Glaucon described as the portion of the just who are reputed to be unjust; nothing else does their invention supply. Such is their manner of praising the one and censuring the other.
[3] Hesiod, Works and Days, 230.
[4] Homer, Od. xix. 109.
[5] Eumolpus.
Men are always repeating that virtue is painful and vice pleasant. Once more, Socrates, I will ask you to consider another way of speaking about justice and injustice, which is not confined to the poets, [364]but is found in prose writers. The universal voice of mankind is always declaring that justice and virtue are honourable, but grievous and toilsome; and that the pleasures of vice and injustice are easy of attainment, and are only censured by law and opinion. They say also that honesty is for the most part less profitable than dishonesty; and they are quite ready to call wicked men happy, and to honour them both in public and private when they are rich or in any other way influential, while they despise and overlook [B]those who may be weak and poor, even though acknowledging them to be better than the others. But most extraordinary of all is their mode of speaking about virtue and the gods: they say that the gods apportion calamity and misery to many good men, and good and happiness to the wicked. And mendicant prophets go to rich men’s doors and persuade them that they have a power committed to them by the gods of making an atonement for a man’s own or his ancestor’s [C]sins by sacrifices or charms, with rejoicings and feasts; and they promise to harm an enemy, whether just or unjust, at a small cost; with magic arts and incantations binding heaven, as they say, to execute their will. And the poets are the authorities to whom they appeal, now smoothing the path of vice with the words of Hesiod;— 44
‘Vice may be had in abundance without trouble; [D]the way is smooth and her dwelling-place is near. But before virtue the gods have set toil[6],’