ESSAYS
and
MISCELLANIES
The Complete Works Volume 3
By Plutarch
CONTENTS
[ THAT A PHILOSOPHER OUGHT CHIEFLY TO CONVERSE WITH GREAT MEN. ]
[ SENTIMENTS CONCERNING NATURE WITH WHICH PHILOSOPHERS WERE DELIGHTED ]
[ CHAPTER I. WHAT IS NATURE? ]
[ CHAPTER II. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PRINCIPLE AND AN ELEMENT? ]
[ CHAPTER III. WHAT ARE PRINCIPLES? ]
[ CHAPTER IV. HOW WAS THIS WORLD COMPOSED IN THAT ORDER AND AFTER THAT MANNER IT IS? ]
[ CHAPTER V. WHETHER THE UNIVERSE IS ONE SINGLE THING. ]
[ CHAPTER VI. WHENCE DID MEN OBTAIN THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE EXISTENCE AND ESSENCE OF A DEITY? ]
[ CHAPTER VIII. OF THOSE THAT ARE CALLED GENIUSES AND HEROES ]
[ CHAPTER XIII. OF THOSE THINGS THAT ARE LEAST IN NATURE. ]
[ CHAPTER XVI. OF THE DIVISION OF BODIES. ]
[ CHAPTER XVII. HOW BODIES ARE MIXED AND CONTEMPERATED ONE WITH ANOTHER. ]
[ CHAPTER XVIII. OF A VACUUM. ]
[ CHAPTER XXII. OF THE SUBSTANCE AND NATURE OF TIME. ]
[ CHAPTER XXIV. OF GENERATION AND CORRUPTION. ]
[ CHAPTER XXV. OF NECESSITY. ]
[ CHAPTER XXVI. OF THE NATURE OF NECESSITY. ]
[ CHAPTER XXVII. OF DESTINY OR FATE. ]
[ CHAPTER XXVIII. OF THE NATURE OF FATE. ]
[ CHAPTER II. OF THE FIGURE OF THE WORLD. ]
[ CHAPTER III. WHETHER THE WORLD BE AN ANIMAL. ]
[ CHAPTER IV. WHETHER THE WORLD IS ETERNAL AND INCORRUPTIBLE. ]
[ CHAPTER V. WHENCE DOES THE WORLD RECEIVE ITS NUTRIMENT? ]
[ CHAPTER VI. FROM WHAT ELEMENT GOD DID BEGIN TO RAISE THE FABRIC OF THE WORLD. ]
[ CHAPTER VII. IN WHAT FORM AND ORDER THE WORLD WAS COMPOSED. ]
[ CHAPTER VIII. WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF THE WORLD'S INCLINATION. ]
[ CHAPTER IX. OF THAT THING WHICH IS BEYOND THE WORLD, AND WHETHER IT BE A VACUUM OR NOT. ]
[ CHAPTER X. WHAT PARTS OF THE WORLD ARE ON THE RIGHT HAND, AND WHAT ON THE LEFT. ]
[ CHAPTER XI. OF HEAVEN, WHAT IS ITS NATURE AND ESSENCE. ]
[ CHAPTER XII. INTO HOW MANY CIRCLES IS THE HEAVEN DISTINGUISHED; OR, OF THE DIVISION OF HEAVEN. ]
[ CHAPTER XIII. WHAT IS THE ESSENCE OF THE STARS, AND HOW THEY ARE COMPOSED. ]
[ CHAPTER XIV. OF WHAT FIGURE THE STARS ARE. ]
[ CHAPTER XV. OF THE ORDER AND PLACE OF THE STARS. ]
[ CHAPTER XVI. OF THE MOTION AND CIRCULATION OF THE STARS. ]
[ CHAPTER XVII. WHENCE DO THE STARS RECEIVE THEIR LIGHT? ]
[ CHAPTER XIX. HOW STARS PROGNOSTICATE, AND WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF WINTER AND SUMMER. ]
[ CHAPTER XX. OF THE ESSENCE OF THE SUN. ]
[ CHAPTER XXI. OF THE MAGNITUDE OF THE SUN. ]
[ CHAPTER XXII. WHAT IS THE FIGURE OR SHAPE OF THE SUN. ]
[ CHAPTER XXIII. OF THE TURNING AND RETURNING OF THE STARS, OR THE SUMMER AND WINTER SOLSTICE. ]
[ CHAPTER XXIV. OF THE ECLIPSE OF THE SUN. ]
[ CHAPTER XXV. OF THE ESSENCE OF THE MOON. ]
[ CHAPTER XXVI. OF THE SIZE OF THE MOON. ]
[ CHAPTER XXVII. OF THE FIGURE OF THE MOON. ]
[ CHAPTER XXVIII. FROM WHENCE IS IT THAT THE MOON RECEIVES HER LIGHT? ]
[ CHAPTER XXIX. OF THE ECLIPSE OF THE MOON. ]
[ CHAPTER XXXI. HOW FAR THE MOON IS REMOVED FROM THE SUN. ]
[ CHAPTER XXXII. OF THE YEAR, AND HOW MANY CIRCULATIONS MAKE UP THE GREAT YEAR OF EVERY PLANET. ]
[ CHAPTER I. OF THE GALAXY, OR THE MILKY WAY. ]
[ CHAPTER II. OF COMETS AND SHOOTING FIRES, AND THOSE WHICH RESEMBLE BEAMS. ]
[ CHAPTER IV. OF CLOUDS, RAIN, SNOW, AND HAIL. ]
[ CHAPTER V. OF THE RAINBOW. ]
[ CHAPTER VI. OF METEORS WHICH RESEMBLE RODS, OR OF RODS. ]
[ CHAPTER VIII. OF WINTER AND SUMMER. ]
[ CHAPTER IX. OF THE EARTH, WHAT IS ITS NATURE AND MAGNITUDE. ]
[ CHAPTER X. OF THE FIGURE OF THE EARTH. ]
[ CHAPTER XI. OF THE SITE AND POSITION OF THE EARTH. ]
[ CHAPTER XII. OF THE INCLINATION OF THE EARTH. ]
[ CHAPTER XIII. OF THE MOTION OF THE EARTH. ]
[ CHAPTER XIV. INTO HOW MANY ZONES IS THE EARTH DIVIDED? ]
[ CHAPTER XV. OF EARTHQUAKES. ]
[ CHAPTER XVI. OF THE SEA, AND HOW IT IS COMPOSED, AND HOW IT BECOMES TO THE TASTE BITTER. ]
[ CHAPTER XVII. OF TIDES, OR OF THE EBBING AND FLOWING OF THE SEA. ]
[ CHAPTER XVIII. OF THE AUREA, OR A CIRCLE ABOUT A STAR. ]
[ CHAPTER I. OF THE OVERFLOWING OF THE NILE. ]
[ CHAPTER III. WHETHER THE SOUL BE A BODY, AND WHAT IS THE NATURE AND ESSENCE OF IT. ]
[ CHAPTER IV. OF THE PARTS OF THE SOUL. ]
[ CHAPTER V. WHAT IS THE PRINCIPAL PART OF THE SOUL, AND IN WHAT PART OF THE BODY IT RESIDES. ]
[ CHAPTER VI. OF THE MOTION OF THE SOUL. ]
[ CHAPTER VII. OF THE SOUL'S IMMORTALITY. ]
[ CHAPTER VIII. OF THE SENSES, AND OF THOSE THINGS WHICH ARE OBJECTS OF THE SENSES, ]
[ CHAPTER IX. WHETHER WHAT APPEARS TO OUR SENSES AND IMAGINATIONS BE TRUE OR NOT. ]
[ CHAPTER X. HOW MANY SENSES ARE THERE? ]
[ CHAPTER XIII. OF OUR SIGHT, AND BY WHAT MEANS WE SEE. ]
[ CHAPTER XIV. OF THOSE IMAGES WHICH ARE PRESENTED TO OUR EYES IN MIRRORS. ]
[ CHAPTER XV. WHETHER DARKNESS CAN BE VISIBLE TO US. ]
[ CHAPTER XVII. OF SMELLING. ]
[ CHAPTER XIX. OF THE VOICE. ]
[ CHAPTER XX. WHETHER THE VOICE IS INCORPOREAL. WHAT IS IT THAT THE GIVES ECHO? ]
[ CHAPTER XXII. OF RESPIRATION OR BREATHING. ]
[ CHAPTER II. WHENCE DREAMS DO ARISE. ]
[ CHAPTER III. OF THE NATURE OF GENERATIVE SEED. ]
[ CHAPTER IV. WHETHER THE SPERM BE A BODY. ]
[ CHAPTER V. WHETHER WOMEN DO GIVE A SPERMATIC EMISSION AS MEN DO. ]
[ CHAPTER VI. HOW IT IS THAT CONCEPTIONS ARE MADE. ]
[ CHAPTER VII. AFTER WHAT MANNER MALES AND FEMALES ARE GENERATED. ]
[ CHAPTER VIII. BY WHAT MEANS IT IS THAT MONSTROUS BIRTHS ARE EFFECTED. ]
[ CHAPTER X. WHENCE IT IS THAT ONE BIRTH GIVES TWO OR THREE CHILDREN. ]
[ CHAPTER XI. WHENCE IT IS THAT CHILDREN REPRESENT THEIR PARENTS AND PROGENITORS. ]
[ CHAPTER XIII. WHENCE ARISETH BARRENNESS IN WOMEN, AND IMPOTENCY IN MEN? ]
[ CHAPTER XIV. HOW IT ARISES THAT MULES ARE BARREN. ]
[ CHAPTER XV. WHETHER THE INFANT IN THE MOTHER'S WOMB BE AN ANIMAL. ]
[ CHAPTER XVI. HOW EMBRYOS ARE NOURISHED, OR HOW THE INFANT IN THE BELLY RECEIVES ITS ALIMENT. ]
[ CHAPTER XVII. WHAT PART OF THE BODY IS FIRST FORMED IN THE WOMB. ]
[ CHAPTER XVIII. WHENCE IS IT THAT INFANTS BORN IN THE SEVENTH MONTH ARE BORN ALIVE. ]
[ CHAPTER XXI. WHAT TIME IS REQUIRED TO SHAPE THE PARTS OF ANIMALS IN THE WOMB. ]
[ CHAPTER XXII. OF WHAT ELEMENTS EACH OF THE MEMBERS OF US MEN IS COMPOSED. ]
[ CHAPTER XXIII. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF SLEEP AND DEATH? ]
[ CHAPTER XXIV. WHEN AND FROM WHENCE THE PERFECTION OF A MAN COMMENCES. ]
[ CHAPTER XXV. WHETHER SLEEP OR DEATH APPERTAINS TO THE SOUL OR BODY. ]
[ CHAPTER XXVI. HOW PLANTS INCREASE. ]
[ CHAPTER XXVII. OF NUTRITION AND GROWTH. ]
[ CHAPTER XXVIII. WHENCE IT IS THAT IN ANIMALS THERE ARE APPETITES AND PLEASURES. ]
[ CHAPTER XXX. OF HEALTH, SICKNESS, AND OLD AGE. ]
[ ABSTRACT OF A DISCOURSE SHOWING THAT THE STOICS SPEAK GREATER IMPROBABILITIES THAN THE POETS. ]
[ COMMON CONCEPTIONS AGAINST THE STOICS. ]
[ CONTRADICTIONS OF THE STOICS. ]
[ AGAINST COLOTES, THE DISCIPLE AND FAVORITE OF EPICURUS. ]
[ THE BANQUET OF THE SEVEN WISE MEN. ]
[ ABSTRACT OF A COMPARISON BETWEEN ARISTOPHANE AND MENANDER ]