Country 1500 1600 England and Wales . . . . . . . . 3,000,000 4,100,000
Scotland . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500,000 700,000
The Netherlands (Holland and
Belgium) (1550) . . . . . . . . 3,000,000
Germany (including Austria, German
Switzerland, Franche Comté and
Savoy north of the Alps, but
excluding Hungary, the Netherlands,
East and West Prussia) . . . . . 12,000,000 20,000,000
France (1550) . . . . . . . . . . 16,000,000
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,000,000 13,000,000
Spain (1557 and 1594) . . . . . . 9,000,000[1] 8,200,000
Poland with East and West Prussia 3,000,000
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600,000
Sweden, Norway and Finland . . . . 1,400,000