[185] This should be 1827. See on this subject our volume xxii, p. 233, note 161.—Ed.
[186] See notes 74 and 75, ante, pp. [84], [85], [87].—Ed.
[187] See our volume xxii, p. 314, note 274, for Lamont.—Ed.
[188] For the site of the Arikkara villages see our volume xxii, p. 335, note 299.—Ed.
[189] Both these chiefs were still living at the Mandan villages when Lewis and Clark passed a winter (1804-05) among them. Black Cat, or Posecopsahe, lived at the second village, and was head chief of the tribe. Clark says of him (Original Journals, i, p. 256), "This chief possesses more integrity, firmness, intelligence, and perspicuity of mind than any Indian I have met with in this quarter." The Coal, or Shotaharrora, was chief of the first village. An Arikkara, he had been adopted by the Mandan, among whom he had risen to a chieftainship.—Ed.
[190] The French name for a people closely related to the Minitaree, but speaking a somewhat different dialect, and considered by many philologists as a separate tribe. See our volumes v, p. 163, note 100; and xxii, p. 350, note 326.—Ed.
[191] See the small plan of this spot on p. [363].—Ed.
[192] This location of the Mandan villages corresponds with the account of Lewis and Clark, except that these explorers represent Ruhptare as situated on the north bank of the Missouri—doubtless their winter village, as explained by Maximilian. When the smallpox swept away the inhabitants of these villages (1837), the remnant of the Mandan abandoned them to the Arikkara, and formed one small village between their former towns and the mouth of Knife River. By 1845 they began moving to the Fort Berthold reservation, where they have since lived, located on the west bank of the Missouri. Their dwellings are chiefly log huts, although a few earth lodges may yet be seen. See O. D. Wheeler, "Last of the Mandans," in Wonderland, 1903, pp. 19-36.—Ed.
[193] See illustration on p. 347, our volume xxii, for these burial stages.—Ed.
[194] See Plates 29, 68, and 59, in the accompanying atlas, our volume xxv.—Ed.